Notes

Structured Composition regarding Ventricular Fibrillation through Extended Center Perfusion inside Puppies.
The focus of these five studies was on human clear cell, glycogen-storing lesions of the liver and kidney, which pertain to preneoplastic lesions of hepatocellular carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma in animal models of diabetes-associated carcinogenesis.

Noncirrhotic hepatic and renal tissue of humans, rats, and mice were analyzed with histology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and molecular biologic methods.

In humans, clear cell lesions often occur in noncirrhotic liver and renal tissue. They resemble preneoplastic lesions of experimental hepato- and nephrocarcinogenesis regarding glycogen storage, increased proliferative activity, upregulation of glycolysis and de novo lipogenesis (lipogenic phenotype), and activated protooncogenic signaling pathway of AKT/mTOR. In two models of murine hepatocarcinogenesis, the important role of the transcription factor ChREBP as a"metabolic oncogene" was characterized.

In these studies, the significance of small glycogen storing parenchymal alterations for carcinogenesis in human noncirrhotic liver and kidney was demonstrated due to their already present metabolic and molecular alterations. Therefore, they have to represent indicator lesions for an increased risk of carcinogenesis. Activation of the protooncogenic pathway AKT/mTOR as well as the transcription factor ChREBP and the manifestation of the lipogenic phenotype are crucial during the processes of carcinogenesis.
In these studies, the significance of small glycogen storing parenchymal alterations for carcinogenesis in human noncirrhotic liver and kidney was demonstrated due to their already present metabolic and molecular alterations. Therefore, they have to represent indicator lesions for an increased risk of carcinogenesis. CM-4307 Activation of the protooncogenic pathway AKT/mTOR as well as the transcription factor ChREBP and the manifestation of the lipogenic phenotype are crucial during the processes of carcinogenesis.Primary vaginal carcinoma is rare. There are two pathogenetic pathways, one associated with HPV high-risk infection and another one with inactivation of p53. Vaginal Paget's disease is rare and mostly associated with vulvar disease or represents intravaginal spread of associated locoregional cancer. Diagnostic vaginal biopsies should be examined by step sections on H&E. Sentinel lymph nodes should be processed completely using ultrastaging. Morphology-based prognostic factors with good clinical evidence are tumour stage and lymph node status. Molecular markers are not currently relevant for treatment decision and prognosis.
Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to fundamentally change medicine within the coming decades. Radiological imaging is one of the primary fields of its clinical application.

In this article, we summarize previous AI developments with afocus on oncological radiology. Based on selected examples, we derive scenarios for developments in the next 10years.

This work is based on areview of various literature and product databases, publications by regulatory authorities, reports, and press releases.

The clinical use of AI applications is still in an early stage of development. The large number of research publications shows the potential of the field. Several certified products have already become available to users. However, for awidespread adoption of AI applications in clinical routine, several fundamental prerequisites are still awaited. These include the generation of evidence justifying the use of algorithms through representative clinical studies, adjustments to the framework for approval processes and dedicated education and teaching resources for its users. It is expected that use of AI methods will increase, thus, creating new opportunities for improved diagnostics, therapy, and more efficient workflows.
The clinical use of AI applications is still in an early stage of development. The large number of research publications shows the potential of the field. Several certified products have already become available to users. However, for a widespread adoption of AI applications in clinical routine, several fundamental prerequisites are still awaited. These include the generation of evidence justifying the use of algorithms through representative clinical studies, adjustments to the framework for approval processes and dedicated education and teaching resources for its users. It is expected that use of AI methods will increase, thus, creating new opportunities for improved diagnostics, therapy, and more efficient workflows.
SPACE (3D fast spin echo acquisition) sequences require long scan times for three-dimensional assessment of acute injury of the knee joint and are flawed due to geometric blurring. Their implementation into routine diagnostic imaging was not feasible until recently.

By comparing conventional MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) sequences to 3D (three-dimensional) sequences, it was investigated whether the compressed sensing (CS) technique is inferior to the established 2D sequences with shorter examination times.

A total of 109 patients (age range 18-50years) with knee injury were examined by MRI between April 2017 and May 2018. The inter- and intraobserver concordance of two blinded readers were assessed. Consensus was achieved in case of discrepancies. Descriptive analyses of absolute and relative frequency and distribution were tested by Fisher's exact test concerning differences between CS-SPACE and standard proton density fat suppressed imaging.

Interoberserver concordance (IC) of conventional sequencute knee injuries.
Unicondylar knee arthroplasty offers the advantage that partial degenerative changes can be addressed with partial prosthetic solutions, thus preserving as much of the native joint as possible, including the cruciate ligaments. On the other hand, the number of revisions is still higher than for total knee endoprosthetics. In the literature, the causes mentioned are insufficient fit of the components as well as surgical errors. The use of new technologies to achieve abetter fit and higher surgical precision and reproducibility, therefore, represents apromising approach.

Individual endoprosthetics offers the advantage that the prosthesis is adapted to the individual anatomy of each patient and not the patient's anatomy to the prosthesis, as is the case with standard prostheses. This allows for an optimal fit of the prosthesis while avoiding excessive bone resections and soft tissue releases.

The use of robotics in endoprosthetics makes it easier to correctly perform bone resections and align components. This ensures high and reproducible precision even for surgeons with lower case numbers.
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