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Latest Idea of the particular Pathophysiology and also Method of Tension-Type Frustration.
In a subsequent free-sampling phase this led to a sustained bias toward this option when the environment contained mostly positive but not when it contained mostly negative outcomes. We argue that biased sampling in reward-rich environments could be responsible for false beliefs about the outcomes of behavioral options, and as such could be relevant to a broad range of topics including social interactions or health contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).A core issue in psycholinguistic research is what the online processes are by which we combine language input and our background knowledge to construct the meaning of a message. We investigate this issue in the context of reading. To build a coherent and correct mental representation of a text readers monitor incoming information for consistency with the preceding text and with their background knowledge. Prior studies have not distinguished between text-based and knowledge-based monitoring, therefore it is unclear to what extent these two aspects of text comprehension proceed independently or interactively. We addressed this issue in a contradiction paradigm with coherent and incoherent versions of texts. We combined behavioral data with neuroimaging data to investigate shared and unique brain networks involved in text-based and knowledge-based monitoring, focusing on monitoring processes that affected long-term memory representations. Consistent with prior findings, behavioral results indicate that text and background knowledge each have a unique influence on processing. However, neuroimaging data suggests a more nuanced interpretation Text-based and knowledge-based monitoring involve shared and unique brain regions, as well as regions that are sensitive to interactions between the two sources. It appears that the (d)mPFC and hippocampus-which are important for the influence of existing knowledge on encoding processes in nonreading contexts-are particularly involved in knowledge-based monitoring. In contrast, the right IFG is primarily involved in text-based monitoring, whereas left IFG and precuneus are implicated in integration processes. Furthermore, processes during reading affect recall of information (in)consistent with prior text or background knowledge. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).It has been demonstrated that the Simon effect may be increased or reversed due to proportion congruency manipulation, suggesting that learned spatial irrelevant stimulus-response (S-R) associations are used to guide responses. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that learning spatial irrelevant S-R associations by rewards may show a similar modulatory effect on the Simon effect. In two experiments with the Simon task, we manipulated the contingency of stimulus-response-reward between groups. Experiment 1 showed that the Simon effect in both reaction times and error rates increased if potential performance-contingent rewards always followed congruent trials but decreased and was even reversed if rewards always followed incongruent trials. These suggest that participants used reward-strengthened spatially compatible and incompatible irrelevant S-R associations respectively to predict responses. Experiment 2 showed that the data pattern of the increase and reversal of the Simon effect showed in both rewarded and nonrewarded colors, suggesting that reward-strengthened spatial irrelevant S-R associations were used to guide responses even when there were no potential rewards. check details Together, these results resemble the proportion congruency effect with the Simon task, suggesting that there could be stronger conflict and attentional control when the correct response is different from the response activated by reward-strengthened irrelevant S-R associations. This suggests that reinforcement learning of irrelevant S-R associations can modulate cognitive control. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).The Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview (SITBI) is a widely used measure of the presence, frequency, and characteristics of suicide and self-harming thoughts and behaviors. In response to advances in the conceptualization of these outcomes, and the potential for online data collection, we created a revised version of the SITBI (SITBI-R) and tested its psychometric properties via in-person interview and online self-report formats. Across two studies, the SITBI-R demonstrated strong psychometric properties for both assessment formats. In Study 1, outcomes measured via the SITBI-R showed convergent validity with those assessed with the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale, another interview assessing suicidal thoughts and behaviors. The SITBI-R also showed strong alternate-forms reliability across nearly all outcomes assessed via both assessment formats. In Study 2, the SITBI-R showed strong test-retest reliability via the online assessment format. Across both studies, reliability was strongest for more recent outcomes (e.g., past year vs. lifetime) and for more commonly assessed outcomes of suicidal thoughts, plans, and attempts than for other, less commonly assessed behaviors (e.g., suicide gestures, interrupted suicide attempts, and aborted suicide attempts). The results of these two studies suggest that the SITBI-R provides reliable and valid measurement of key self-injurious outcomes both in person and online. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).A substantial number of medical errors in radiology are attributed to failures of perception or decision making, although it is believed that experience (or expertise) might buffer diagnosticians from some types of perceptual-cognitive bias. We examined how the quality of contextual information influences decision making and how underlying perceptual-cognitive processes change as a function of experience and diagnostic accuracy. Twenty-one radiologists dictated their findings on 16 deidentified musculoskeletal radiographic cases while wearing a mobile-eye tracking system. Patient histories were mismatched on a subset of cases to be miscued relative to the correct diagnosis. Experienced radiologists outperformed less-experienced participants, but no systematic differences in gaze behaviors emerged between groups. Miscued case notes increased perceptual-cognitive bias in both groups, resulting in an approximate 40% decrease in diagnostic accuracy. Most errors were judgment errors, meaning participants visually fixated on the abnormality for longer than a second yet still failed to make the correct diagnosis.
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