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The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1, the causative agent of AIDS, reaches its site of replication by trafficking through the cytoplasm towards the nucleus, benefiting from an active nuclear import through the nuclear pore in order to integrate in the genome of the host cell. Although it is generally accepted that the viral genome remains within the viral capsid for some time after cell entry, the mechanisms responsible for controlled uncoating, which is essential for productive infection, remain poorly understood. Numerous studies now show that the integrity of the viral capsid is essential for transport towards the nucleus, for reverse transcription and nuclear import, and to prevent sensing by innate immune receptors. This review aims to report recent developments in our understanding of the early stages of HIV infection, from entry into the cell to integration, highlighting the cellular partners of the HIV-1 capsid that promote or antagonize infection, as well as the different techniques that are developed for fundamental research and the identification of potential therapeutic targets.If they work as expected, the strict containment measures enforced to stop the French Covid-19 epidemic will leave a large proportion of the population "naive" about the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In these conditions, how can we prevent the epidemic from rebounding, at a time when this restrictive policy will soon become untenable economically and socially? Based on the figures, now well known, of the lethality of covid-19 according to age classes, I suggest that a gradual release of the containment be instituted, which will keep retirees in isolation (the 65+ age class), whose risk is maximal and the impact on economic production the lowest. This scenario might be applicable to most European countries that enforce mandatory retirement ages for most of workers.If they work as expected, the strict containment measures enforced to stop the French Covid-19 epidemic will leave a large proportion of the population "naive" about the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In these conditions, how can we prevent the epidemic from rebounding, at a time when this restrictive policy will soon become untenable economically and socially? Based on the figures, now well known, of the lethality of covid-19 according to age classes, I suggest that a gradual release of the containment be instituted, which will keep retirees in isolation (the 65+ age class), whose risk is maximal and the impact on economic production the lowest. This scenario might be applicable to most European countries that enforce mandatory retirement ages for most of workers.Polydnaviruses are unique mutualistic viruses associated with thousands of parasitoid wasps. They are characterized by a segmented packaged DNA genome and are necessary for parasitic success. Virus particles are produced in the wasp ovaries from a set of "viral" sequences integrated into the wasp genome. The polydnavirus/wasp associations as observed today result from the integration of a viral genomes into the wasp genome during evolution. Recent years have been marked by the discovery of the viral ancestors of the two known types of polydnavirus, bracovirus and ichnovirus, which has helped to shed some light on the evolution of the symbiosis. Some of the viral genes have been conserved in the genome of the parasitoid, allowing the latter to produce non-replicative viral particles, that contain DNA molecules encoding essentially "virulence" genes, probably of insect origin. MMP inhibitor Thus polydnaviruses can be considered as endogenous viral elements (EVE) that have been domesticated by the wasp to become a "weapon" allowing its survival.Ketosis is a metabolic situation involving an increase in blood and urine concentrations of ketones that, when prolonged, leads to acidosis. Moderate ketosis usually appears after a fast of a few hours, but its prolongation exposes to hyperketosis. Observation A 25-year-old woman presented to the emergency department for cohercitive vomiting. She was fasting for a long time in a spiritual setting and had a restricted diet limited to water and vitamin supplements. Clinical and biological assessment was in favour of fasting ketoacidosis. Evolution was favorable with intravenous hydration, poly-ionic and micronutrient supplementation and a gradual resumption of oral feeding. Conclusion We report the case of a patient with fasting ketoacidosis. Besides consequences of this ketoacidosis, the challenge was also in resuming oral feeding in order to avoid a potentially fatal inappropriate renutrition syndrome.The purpose of this work was to compare the measured red-cell volume (RCV) using sodium pertechnétate [RCV-99mTc] compared to the reference technique using sodium radiochromate [RCV-51Cr] and to assess the influence of technetium-99 elution on the RCV-99mTc value. Ten patients had simultaneous measurements of RCV-99mTc and RCV-51Cr. Elution of Tc-99m from red blood cells was 2.9% and led to an average overestimation of RCV-99mTc of 3.7%. The introduction of individual tracer elution rates in the RCV-99mTc calculation corrects this overestimation.Background Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common autosomal recessive disease in Caucasians, caused by mutation in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). The analysis of some extra and intragenic markers within or closely linked to CFTR gene is useful as a molecular method in clinical linkage analysis. Indeed, knowing that the molecular basis of CF is highly heterogeneous in our population is explained in the present study. In this work, we are interested for the first time to study the polymorphic marker IVS6a GATT in a CF Tunisian population. Methods Our study involved 80 CF Tunisian patients with a positive sweat test. A cohort of 90 healthy controls was also enrolled. The analysis of the variant IVS6a GATT was conducted by analysis of the fragments on automatic sequencer (ABI Prism 310). A statistical analysis was performed on Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 software. Results The analysis of genotypic distribution of IVS6aGATT showed a significant difference between the control and CF groups suggesting the involvement of this marker in cystic fibrosis.
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