Notes

Capsaicin as well as Results upon Weight.
We hypothesize that diabetic patients might be more affected by COVID-19 due to increased presence ACE2 and DPP4 mediating infection and contributing to a compromised vasculature. Here, we discuss the role of ACE2 and DPP4 as relevant factors linking the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity of COVID-19 in diabetic patients and present an outlook on therapeutic potential of current drugs targeted against RAAS and DPP4 to treat or prevent COVID-19-derived vascular complications. Diabetes affects more than 400 million people worldwide, thus better understanding of how they are affected by COVID-19 holds an important benefit to fight against this disease with pandemic proportions.The quality of health care in Mesoamerica is influenced by its rich cultural diversity and characterized by social inequalities. Especially indigenous and rural communities confront diverse barriers to accessing formal health services, leading to often conflicting plurimedical systems. Fostering integrative medicine is a fundamental pillar for achieving universal health coverage (UHC) for marginalized populations. Recent developments toward health sovereignty in the region are concerned with assessing the role of traditional medicines, and particularly herbal medicines, to foster accessible and culturally pertinent healthcare provision models. In Mesoamerica, as in most regions of the world, a wealth of information on traditional and complementary medicine has been recorded. Yet these data are often scattered, making it difficult for policy makers to regulate and integrate traditionally used botanical products into primary health care. This critical review is based on a quantitative analysis of 28 survey papers focusing on the traditional use of botanical drugs in Mesoamerica used for the compilation of the "Mesoamerican Medicinal Plant Database" (MAMPDB), which includes a total of 12,537 use-records for 2188 plant taxa. Our approach presents a fundamental step toward UHC by presenting a pharmacological and toxicological review of the cross-culturally salient plant taxa and associated botanical drugs used in traditional medicine in Mesoamerica. Especially for native herbal drugs, data about safety and effectiveness are limited. Commonly used cross-culturally salient botanical drugs, which are considered safe but for which data on effectiveness is lacking constitute ideal candidates for treatment outcome studies.
Flavonoid monomers are proved to have an anti-inflammatory effect and may also be promising for chronic pain treatment. In the present study, the analgesic effect and the relevant mechanisms of luteoloside, one of the flavonoid monomers, were investigated.

The analgesic effect of luteoloside was first evaluated in complete Freud's adjuvant induced inflammatory model by von Frey test and Hargreaves test in both male and female mice. The interleukin-1β levels in plantar tissue, serum, dorsal root ganglion, and the dorsal horn of the spinal cord were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or immunofluorescence. The activation of macrophage/microglia was tested by Iba-1 staining.

Our data showed that luteoloside exhibited both acute and chronic analgesic phenotypes. Every single dose of luteoloside solution reached the peak transient analgesic effect 2h after administration and lasted less than 6h. About 14 consecutive days administration (one dose per day) later, luteoloside showed a sustained analgesic effect which lasted more than 24h. H2DCFDA mouse Celecoxib 20 mg/kg combined with luteoloside 40 mg/kg achieved a similar analgesic effect as celecoxib 40 mg/kg alone. Luteoloside inhibited interleukin-1β expression in plantar tissue, dorsal root ganglion, the dorsal horn of spinal cord, and serum, after 14 days of continuous administration. Furthermore, our results also showed that the activation of macrophage/microglia in dorsal root ganglions were significantly inhibited 2h after each single dose in daily luteoloside administration and recovered to a higher level 6h later. These findings might be involved in the mechanisms of the acute analgesic effect of luteoloside.

Luteoloside presents an analgesic effect
anti-inflammatory and other mechanisms such as inhibiting the activation of macrophage/microglia.
Luteoloside presents an analgesic effect via anti-inflammatory and other mechanisms such as inhibiting the activation of macrophage/microglia.The aim of the study was to answer the questions whether a chronic disease can have a significant impact on the level of adherence and whether there are differences in adherence-related predictors depending on the chronic disease. The study included 1,571 patients (mean age 64.7 ± 11.3) with chronic diseases [1,030 diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 and 541 hypertension (HA)]. Adherence was assessed using the Adherence Refills Medication Scale (ARMS). The average adherence score for the whole group was 18.9. Fifty-five percent of patients had a low level of adherence. A comparison between DM and HA shows a statistically significant difference and a higher level of adherence with pharmacological recommendations in the group of patients with type 2 DM (17.5 ± 12.0 vs 19.2 ± 8.0). In the single factors analysis, HA diagnosis had a statistically significant negative effect on adherence (β=0.92, p ≤ 0.001). In simple linear regression analysis, independent of chronic disease, a higher level of adherence was observed among women (β=-0.40, p=0.015), people with secondary education (β=-1.26, p ≤ 0.001), and inactive patients (β=-0.48; p=0.005). However, place of residence - countryside (β =0.35, p=0.044) and higher education (β=0.90, p ≤ 0.001) had a negative influence on the level of adherence. In multiple linear regression analysis HA (B=0.99; p ≤ 0.001), female gender (B=-0.47; p=0.003) and secondary education (B=-1.16; p ≤ 0.001) were important independent determinants of adherence. (1) Hypertension is an independent, statistically significant predictor that reduces the adherence level. (2) Female gender and higher education are the most important determinants improving adherence to pharmacological therapy. (3) There is a different pattern of predictors of adherence among patients occupational activity plays an important role in DM, while education plays a role in HA.
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