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Finally, a 2D correlation spectroscopy experiment is reported, performed in the strong coupling regime that resolves the multiple resonances associated with the heteronuclear J-coupling. The spectrum was collected using 10 times less sample and in less than half the time from previous reports in the strong coupling limit.Microfabricated resonators play a crucial role in the development of quantum measurement, including future gravitational wave detectors. We use a micro-genetic algorithm and a finite element method to design a microresonator whose geometry is optimized to maximize the sub-Standard Quantum Limit (SQL) performance including lower thermal noise (TN) below the SQL, a broader sub-SQL region, and a sub-SQL region at lower frequencies. For the proposed design, we study the effects of different geometries of the mirror pad and cantilever microresonator on sub-SQL performance. We find that the maximum ratio of SQL to TN is increased, its frequency is decreased, and the sub-SQL range is increased by increasing the length of the microresonator cantilever, increasing the radius of the mirror pad, decreasing the width of the microresonator cantilever, and shifting the laser beam location from the mirror center. We also find that there exists a trade-off between the maximum ratio of SQL to TN and the sub-SQL bandwidth. The performance of this designed microresonator will allow it to serve as a test-bed for quantum non-demolition measurements and to open new regimes of precision measurement that are relevant for many practical sensing applications, including advanced gravitational wave detectors.A newly constructed high-repetition-rate shock tube designed for kinetic studies of high-temperature reactions using spectroscopic methods is described. The instrument operates at a 0.2-Hz cycle rate with a high reproducibility of reaction conditions that permits extensive signal averaging to improve the quality of kinetic trace data. The density and temperature of the gas behind the reflected shock wave are examined by probing the product formation from reference reactions. Two types of experimental techniques are implemented transient absorption spectroscopy and time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence. Olaparib Both methods are shown to be suitable for kinetic measurements of elementary reactions, as illustrated by their application in thermal decomposition reactions of the benzyl radicals and trifluoromethane.We demonstrate a full Stokes polarization imaging system based on compressed sampling and single photon counting. The control and synchronization counting module based on field-programmable gate array is specially developed to control the rotation stage for polarization imaging at different directions. Additionally, it can load the binary random matrix into a digital micro-mirror device controller for each measurement and count the single photon pulse output from the photon counting photomultiplier tube simultaneously. The system can realize high-sensitivity single photon compressive imaging of the target under different polarization directions. On this basis, the high-quality Stokes parameter images and the angle of the linear polarization image can be obtained. The experimental results show that the polarization information can be reconstructed at a very low sampling ratio.The capabilities of a radio-frequency atomic magnetometer for object detection based on magnetic induction tomography are explored. The determination of object orientation is demonstrated by utilizing the measurement geometry. The self-compensation configuration of the atomic magnetometer is implemented to address the issue of saturation of the sensor response by the radio-frequency primary field that generates the object signature. Three methods of "covert" detection are investigated as a testbed for exploring the functionalities of this sensor, where (1) the operational frequency of the sensor is continuously changed, (2) the primary field has non-monochromatic frequency distribution, and (3) the sensor operates in the so-called spin maser mode. The results of the measurements are also discussed in terms of possible magnetic field communication.This article reports the development of a compact Thomson parabola spectrometer for laser-accelerated ions that can measure angular distribution with a high energy resolution and has a variable measurable energy range. The angular-resolved energy spectra for different ion species can be measured in a single shot, and the sampling angle can be selected from outside the vacuum region. The electric and magnetic fields are applied to the ion dispersion by using a permanent magnetic circuit and annulus sector-shaped electrodes with a wedge configuration. The compact magnetic circuit consists of permanent magnets, fixed yokes, and movable yokes. The magnetic flux is intentionally leaked to the movable yokes, allowing the magnetic field to be adjusted from 53 mT to 259 mT. The annulus sector-shaped electrodes with a wedge configuration provide better trace separation for high-energy ions, retain the lower-energy part of the ion signal, and subject ions passing through all pinholes to an equivalent Lorentz force. The magnetic and electric fields are designed for measuring protons and carbon ions with an energy range of 0.1-5 MeV. The spectrometer allows for the adjustment of the observable energy range afterward according to the parameters of the accelerated ion.For gas phase nanoparticle production, hot wall reactors are widely used. In this article, we will describe the fundamental design considerations for a hot wall reactor system able to produce oxide nanoparticles. The system is outstanding in its ability to produce mostly spherical nanoparticles at particle sizes of up to 100 nm and even larger at mass outputs in the order of grams per hour by being able to rapidly quench the aerosol. While high production rates or larger particle sizes are already easily obtained with hot wall reactors, it is very challenging to produce these spherical particles at high mass rates. We will show in this research that the temperature and the particle number concentration are the major aspects influencing the particle morphology at the end of the process. Investigation on the performance of the setup shows good control over the temperature and the particle production stability. A representative particle characterization using SEM and scanning mobility particle sizer showed that particles are mostly spherical, while the particle size distribution had a geometric standard deviation close to 1.
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