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Suppressing Interface Strain pertaining to Eliminating Double-Slope Behaviours: Toward Ideal Conformable Polymer-bonded Field-Effect Transistors.
This work investigated plutonium (Pu) isotopes in sediment cores collected from an alpine lake (Lake Heinongpo with 3779 m above sea level) in Southwestern China. 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios in all sediment samples showed the typical global fallout values of ∼0.18 without any influences from other Pu contaminant sources. 239+240Pu activities with surface and subsurface maximums followed by exponential decline with sediment depth were respectively observed in the two sediment cores. The distinctive depth distributions of 239,240Pu in the lake sediments was attributed to the very slow sediment deposition rate due to the lack of terrestrial sediment input, while the alpine snowmelt input was the primary source of Pu in the lake sediments in addition to the direct atmospheric deposition. The total Pu inventory was estimated to be 56.3 ± 1.4 and 63.9 ± 0.8 Bq/m2 respectively in the two sediment cores. The generally higher Pu inventory in the Lake Heinongpo compared with other reported lakes in similar latitude should be mainly attributed to their different Pu input passages. The advection-diffusion equation was further applied to evaluate the downward migration of Pu isotopes in the sediment cores and predict the future evolution of Pu distribution in the sediment cores. The fitted results indicated that the diffusion effect controlled the downward migration of Pu in the sediments, but this diffusive migration will not prevent the peak of global fallout Pu in undisturbed sediment cores from being a valuable time marker for sediment dating.Gaseous and particulate nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs, 12 species) and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs, 4 species) in seven coastal cities of the Bohai and Yellow Seas were determined throughout the year. The annual arithmetical mean concentrations of ΣNPAH12 and ΣOPAH4 were 737 ± 475 pg/m3 and 35.3 ± 26.8 ng/m3. NPAHs and OPAHs existed mainly in the gaseous phase, accounted for 88.5% and 95.2% of the total concentrations. Air concentrations of ΣNPAH12 and ΣOPAH4 in the coastal cities of the Yellow Sea were significantly lower (p traffic exhaust. The combustion of solid fuels served as the main source of NPAHs and OPAHs in winter, while secondary formation was the predominant source in summer. Interregional transport may exert an important effect on the local atmospheric NPAHs and OPAHs by potential source contribution function analysis. The estimated incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) due to inhalation exposure to specific NPAHs ranged from 2.9 × 10-12 to 6.2 × 10-6 (median at 4.8 × 10-9) was mainly attributed to exposure before the age of 16.Microplastics (MPs) have emerged as contaminants of public health and environmental concern. Although studies have reported the occurrence of MPs in sediment, quantitative determination of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polycarbonate (PC) concentrations is limited. In this study, marine coastal and freshwater sediment collected from various locations in South Korea, Japan and the United States were analyzed for PET and PC MPs using a depolymerization method of sample preparation followed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) detection. Dihydromyricetin price PET MPs were found in surface sediments from South Korea (n = 20), Japan (n = 4) and the United States (n = 43) at concentrations (dry weight) in the ranges of less then MQL-13,000,000 ng/g (median 6600 ng/g), 3600-5400 ng/g (4400 ng/g) and less then MQL-10,000 ng/g ( less then MQL), respectively. Similarly, PC MPs were found in the concentration ranges of less then MQL-140,000 ng/g (median 290 ng/g, South Korea), 150-510 ng/g (100 ng/g, Japan) and less then MQL-110,000 ng/g (160 ng/g, the United States). Spatial analysis of concentrations of PET and PC MPs in sediment from Lake Shihwa watershed in South Korea showed a decreasing trend with increasing distance from inland point source areas (Ansan industrial area). No distinct vertical profiles were recorded for PET or PC MPs in sediment cores collected from Tokyo Bay (Japan) or inland lakes in Michigan (the United States). The measured concentrations of MPs in sediment provide baseline data to evaluate future trends and for ecological risk assessment.Biochar was produced by the pyrolysis of Kraft lignin at 600 °C followed by modification with CO2 at 700 and 800 °C and impregnation with FeOx. The physicochemical properties and arsenic (V) adsorption performance of biochar were evaluated. The characteristics of the lignin biochar before and after CO2 modification and FeOx impregnation were analyzed using the following methods proximate and ultimate analysis, specific surface area (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area), porosity, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy mapping, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The specific surface area and porosity of biochar were improved significantly after CO2 modification. However, impregnation of FeOx in CO2-modified biochar showed a 50%-60% decrease of BET surface area and porosity due to pore blocking of FeOx. The batch adsorption of arsenic (V) showed that FeOx-LC-800 (FeOx impregnation lignin char modified with CO2 at 800 °C) had the highest adsorption efficiency among the biochars tested because of its highest Fe-O intensity and large surface area. The Langmuir adsorption model was suitable for the curve fitting arsenic (V) adsorption. The theoretical equilibrium adsorption amount (qe) was calculated to be 6.8 mg/g using a pseudo-second-order kinetic model.2-Isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine (IPMP), 2-Isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine (IBMP), and 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (TCA) are the primary emerging taste and odor (T&O) compounds in water systems with low thresholds (ng L-1). The selected T&O compounds are known to be difficult to remove using conventional water treatment processes. In this study, we compared the removal characteristics of the three T&O compounds using UV/Cl2 and UV/H2O2. The removal rates of the three compounds by direct photolysis at 254 nm were less than 10%, even at a high UV dose (approximately 1000 mJ cm-2). Under conditions of an oxidant injection volume of 5 mg L-1 and UV dose of 1000 mJ cm-2, the degradation rate of the target compounds in the UV/H2O2 process exceeded that of the UV/Cl2 process. Moreover, the results revealed that pH has a significant impact on the removal of the T&O compounds during the UV/Cl2 process. The IPMP, IBMP, and TCA were found to be more reactive with hydroxyl radicals than reactive chlorine species (RCS). A predictive tool was developed to determine the optimal operating condition using the generalized reduced gradient (GRG) nonlinear solver.
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