Notes

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The quality of the overall body of evidence is moderate due to high observed heterogeneity in some subgroup analyses and the presence of studies with high risk of bias.

Higher maternal education associates with a moderate but statistically significant decrease in the risk of delivering a LBW infant in LMICs. Enhancing girls' and women's access to education operates through a number of pathways to improve birth outcomes and reduce LBW in LMICs.
Higher maternal education associates with a moderate but statistically significant decrease in the risk of delivering a LBW infant in LMICs. Enhancing girls' and women's access to education operates through a number of pathways to improve birth outcomes and reduce LBW in LMICs.
To describe understanding of the irreversible nature of permanent contraception and knowledge and attitudes about long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) among individuals seeking and not seeking permanent contraception.

We performed a cross-sectional survey among patients with Medicaid insurance attending an obstetrics and gynecology clinic in [location]. The survey consisted of 20 true/false and Likert questions assessing knowledge and perceptions about permanent contraception and LARC. Sixty-seven participants were needed to detect a small-to-medium Cohen's effect size f
 = 0.20, with 95% power and alpha = 0.05.

Ninety potential participants were contacted and 67 were recruited. Forty-three participants desired permanent contraception and 24 did not. Approximately half of all participants were not aware that permanent contraception is irreversible. Participants who desired permanent contraception had lower LARC knowledge scores (62% correct versus 70%, p = 0.042) and more negative perceptions ab sample. Additional research is needed to understand factors underlying these differences. Counseling practices should be tailored to ensure accurate knowledge about permanent contraception and LARC for all people seeking to avoid pregnancy.
Racial/ethnic inequities in preterm birth (PTB) are well documented. Most of this research has focused on maternal behavioral and socio-demographic characteristics. However, the full magnitude of the racial/ethnic gap remains inadequately understood. Studies now point to the role of racial discrimination in producing PTB inequities, but limitations exist, namely the use of a single, dichotomousitem to measures discrimination and the limited generalizability of most studies which have been conducted in single cities or states.

In this commentary we briefly review extant research on explanations for racial/ethnic inequities in PTB, and the role of racial discrimination in producing the racial/ethnic gap in adverse birth outcomes such as PTB.

The Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), a state-level, population-based survey, annually collects data from 51 states and cities ("states") on maternal behaviors and experiences in the perinatal period. The questionnaire consists of mandatory "Core" questions, and optional "Standard" questions. Currently 22 states include a "Standard" question on discrimination; 29 do not. PRAMS offers a unique opportunity to systematically assess discrimination among a diverse, population-based sample across the US.

We urge PRAMS to at least include the current measure of discrimination as a mandatory "Core" question. Ideally, PRAMS should include a validated discrimination scale as a "Core" question. selleck chemicals The time has come to name and assess the impact ofdiscrimination on adverse birth outcomes. PRAMS can play a vital role in helping to close the racial/ethnic gap in PTB.
We urge PRAMS to at least include the current measure of discrimination as a mandatory "Core" question. Ideally, PRAMS should include a validated discrimination scale as a "Core" question. The time has come to name and assess the impact of discrimination on adverse birth outcomes. PRAMS can play a vital role in helping to close the racial/ethnic gap in PTB.
To assess and compare the associations between household socioeconomic (SES) factors with birth outcomes (low birth weight (LBW), small-for-gestational age (SGA) and preterm birth (PTB)) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and South Africa (SA).

Cross-sectional data of mother-newborn pairs collected in 2017 in the DRC were compared with mother-newborn pairs data from the SA Soweto first 1000-days pregnancy cohort study (2013-2016). Country-specific and pooled multivariable logistic regressions analyses assessed the associations between maternal education, marital status, and housing with LBW, SGA, and PTB adjusted for maternal anthropometry and obstetric factors.

1084 mother-newborn pairs were recruited (DRC 256; SA 828). The rates of LBW, PTB and SGA were, 11.5%, 17.1% and 32.8% in the DRC and 15.9%, 10.5% and 20.1% in SA. SES factors differed between countries and sex. In the DRC, being married decreased the odds of having LBW and PTB children by 86% and 80%, respectively. In SA, being a mother with secondary level of education and above was associated with 86% reduced odds of SGA. In the pooled analyses, women with secondary level of education and above had a 2.2-fold increase in odds of giving birth to a PTB newborn. Country of residence and maternal nutritional status were stronger predictors of birth outcomes than SES factors.

In sub-Saharan Africa, policies aiming to alleviate women's education combined with improved social support and household SES prior to and during pregnancy are critical to optimal neonatal outcomes and strategic to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.
In sub-Saharan Africa, policies aiming to alleviate women's education combined with improved social support and household SES prior to and during pregnancy are critical to optimal neonatal outcomes and strategic to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.
Alcohol use during pregnancy is a critical public health issue that results in several adverse outcomes for both mother and child. While the prevalence of and consequences of binge drinking among pregnant women is well-documented in the literature, little is known about the intersectional effect of racial/ethnic identity and veteran status. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of binge drinking among pregnant women using the intersectionality of racial/ethnic identity and veteran status.

This study utilized combined data from the 2016, 2017 and 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). The BRFSS is a telephone survey that collects health-related risk behaviors, chronic health conditions and use of preventative services among U.S residents. Generalized linear mixed models were used to examine the prevalence of binge drinking using the interaction between race/ethnicity and veteran status.

Overall binge drinking prevalence was 3.60% among the sample of 6101 pregnant women.
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