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Comparative beneficial efficacies associated with oral as well as in-water used levamisole, piperazine and fenbendazole against experimental Ascaridia galli infection within hens.
AIM The present study aimed to evaluate the combined effect of both dose and duration of metformin therapy on vitamin B12 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). METHODS We recruited 2887 patients with T2D between January 2018 and November 2019 and categorized them into two groups (metformin and non-metformin users) matched for age, mean duration of diabetes, and BMI. We calculated the "Metformin Usage Index" (MUI) which was defined as the product of the dose of metformin (mg) used and its duration divided by 1000. Vitamin B12 levels were compared between the two groups, and its association with MUI was assessed using correlation and multistep logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Vitamin B12 levels  10 (OR 5.12, 95% CI 3.12-8.38). CONCLUSIONS The MUI can be employed as a risk assessment tool for evaluation of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with T2D. Further prospective studies are required to determine the MUI thresholds in populations with good nutritional statuses and low prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency.Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is the most comprehensive and widely practiced system of medicine in the world.Originally, TCM appeared in our Western context as an unfathomable mythological doctrine. Once the linguistic barriers had been overcome, it became possible to understand and apply the terminological and physiological concepts, the method of diagnosis, and the clinical findings.Since the NIH consensus conference in 1998, our understanding of TCM has been the subject of methodologically robust studies. We now have evidence of the efficacy and effectiveness of acupuncture beyond its use in pain therapy and allergy treatment. Thanks to fMRI studies, among others, we also have a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying acupuncture.Meta-analyses and studies also confirm the efficacy of Chinese medicinal drugs and remedies in some fields, yet there is still extensive need for further research. But opportunities are also emerging for new medicines and prescriptions for (accompanying) treatments of infections, autoimmune diseases, cancer, metabolic illnesses, dermatological disorders, and gastrointestinal diseases.To enable further evaluation of TCM, but also to ensure an integrative, critical application in the practice of TCM, it is vital for doctors to have thorough training. Further institutionalisation is necessary to provide orientation and patient safety.The days of regarding TCM as some kind of mysticism are indeed long over and it can offer real opportunities for better patient care. In many fields, there is increasing evidence of TCM's effectiveness, yet further comprehensive research is essential. buy Puromycin aminonucleoside This should be encouraged unconditionally.Medical technologies are often disseminated and used although evidence demonstrating their effectiveness and safety is missing. Percutaneous intervention (PCI) in stable coronary artery disease (CAD) is an example. This raises the question of how these technologies get disseminated and on which basis they are accepted by clinicians, patients, and the wider public.Studies investigating the communication between clinicians and patients show that simple narratives play a decisive role here. In this paper I discuss how narratives contribute to the dissemination of medical technologies. Communication within the profession, which includes medical education, also relies on narratives to a large degree. They have the following characteristics in common 1) extreme simplification, 2) reduction to biological processes, 3) deterministic logic, and 4) strong moral message. These narratives are always biased; narratives dealing with interventions paint an overoptimistic picture of their effectiveness and safety. Although they represent "modern" technologies, their logic and purpose are akin to archaic myths.Presumably education and persuasion cannot eschew narratives completely. But health professionals, patients and the public should be aware of the inevitable bias that comes with narratives and their potential for manipulation.BACKGROUND Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medicine therapy method that is also frequently used in the western world. It has been the subject of intensive scientific research over the past two decades. AIM OF THE WORK To describe the efficacy, therapy safety, and health economic relevance of acupuncture for chronic pain disorders and allergic diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the context of a review (narrative review) the relevant literature was selected, presented, and interpreted. RESULTS Acupuncture is effective in chronic pain disorders such as chronic knee joint pain in osteoarthritis, migraine, tension headache, chronic lumbar spine pain, chronic cervical spine pain, shoulder pain, dysmenorrhea, and fibromyalgia under routine conditions. In addition, specific efficacy is shown in most chronic pain indications. Acupuncture is also effective in patients with allergic diseases. In large clinical studies, acupuncture has proven to be a relatively safe therapy, but severe complications (e.g. pneumothorax cases, hepatitis B) also occur in rare instances. Acupuncture is usually associated with higher therapy costs, but is considered a cost-effective treatment strategy for pain disorders. DISCUSSION As a nonpharmacological procedure, acupuncture is becoming increasingly important in pain and allergy therapy and is therefore increasingly included in current guidelines. In further studies, the efficacy of acupuncture should be determined in other indications and the mechanisms of action of this therapy method should be investigated.Circular RNAs (circRNA) are covalently closed single-stranded RNA molecules that act as important regulators of gene expression through different mechanisms. Meanwhile, cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subpopulation of cells, with properties similar to normal stem cells that arise during the development of cancer and support tumor growth, induce resistance to therapy, and are responsible for metastatic spread. Since the elimination of CSCs is an important goal of cancer treatment, the circRNAs that participate in regulating gene expression and signaling pathways linked to CSCs have aroused attention in recent years, especially because it has been suggested that these molecules may function as therapeutic targets and/or clinical biomarkers. Thus, the proposal of this work is to enumerate a series of circRNAs that have been shown to play a relevant role in CSCs and explain in detail the molecular regulatory mechanisms that they establish to perform that function.
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