Notes

How are CPR conducted:
1. Check if patients are safe to approach, semi-conscious?
2. Check the patients via the "ABC" method
(a) A- Airway: Check the airway of the patient by opening the mouth and pull the tongue out carefully to check for any obstruction. If present, remove them immediately
(b) B- Breathing: Check breathing by looking for rise and fall of the chest and also feel if air coming out from nose with the back of your hands
(c) C- Circulation: Check circulation by feeling for pulse at pulse point such as the femoral artery located at the hind leg
3. Undergo CPR is no breathing and pulse
4. Place patient on the floor or hard surface, ensure surrounding area is clear
5. Take its left front leg and bend @ elbow, rotating at shoulder
6. Clasps and place hands over the highest point of chest (thoracic pump)/ directly over heart (Cardiac pump)
7. Ensure to lock your arms and then undergo chest compressions @ 100-120 chest compression per min + compress about 1/3-1/2 of chest depth
8. Check for response after 1 min, if none continue chest compressions.

Thoracic pump theory: Round-chested dogs (Labradors/ Golden retrievers) -> Lateral recumbency
Cardiac pump theory: Keel-chested dogs (Dobermans/ Grey hounds) + Cats -> lateral recumbency
Round-chested dogs (labradors/ Golden retrievers -> Dorsal recumbency
Flat-chested dogs -> Dorsal recumbency
If no breathing but pulse present;
1. Undergo Mouth-To-Snout resuscitation, every 30 chest compressions undergo 2 breaths
3. Pull tongue a little but forward, close the mouth and tilt head upwards to open airway
4. Place mouth over nose then blow into the dogs nostrils and ensure that the chest lift if not blow harder
5. Remove mouth over nose to allow air to exit nose
6. Proceed to give another breathe
7. Check/Monitor pulse every 1 min


Vital signs
1) Body weight
2) Temperature
-> Used a rectal thermometer
-> 38.3-39.2
3) Heart/Pulse rate
-> Cardiac Auscultate: Check with the use of Stethoscope (Dogs: 80-160bpm, Cats: 110-200bpm)
-> Strength of pulse
4) Respiratory rate: Check by looking at the rise and fall of chest (Dogs: 15-20bpm | Cats: 20-40bpm)
5) Perfusion indication


Cardiac auscultation:
1. Palpate area between fo



Respiratory auscultation:
1) Respiratory rate
2) Breathing sound to check for any obstruction (Vesicular or Bronchial)
3) Depth of the chest movement


Head to Tail examination:
1) Head and neck
-> Look at the head for symmetry, any abnormalities....
-> Check the surrounding area of the eyes for any swelling and check the eyes for any redness. Also, check the corneal for any clouding
-> Check the nose, look for any discharge, blood, swelling and symmetry as well
-> Check the oral cavity if there are subgingival calculus, any infection or inflammation of the gingival, any tartar build up on teeth surfaces, colour of MM
-> Check the ears for any infection, the cleanliness of the ears, is one side of the ears drooping while other one is up (might be sign of ear infection...)
-> Palpate the submandibular nodes
-> Palpate the salivary gland, larynx gland, and thyroid gland
-> Palpate trachea

2) Trunk and limb
-> Ensure symmetry at the trunk and limb, look for any abnormalities such as lumps, wounds, infection...
-> Palpate limbs to check for any presence fracture, the range of movement
-> Place patient in weight-bearing and non-weight bearing position to check for any abnormalities in limbs
-> Look at the muscle mass and tone
-> Check the feet, nails, or grooves of the animals
-> Check haircoat to look for any parasites, matting, dryness, etc.
3) Thorax
-> Check symmetry, look for abnormalities...
-> Cardiac auscultation:
- Take the heart rate (15s x 4)
-> Respiratory auscultation:
- Take the respiratory rate
- Hear for breathing sound
- Look at the depth of chest when breathing

4) Abdomen
-> Look for symmetry, any swelling, etc.

5) External genitalia
->