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Moreover, NOR test suggested that entry towards the dissimilar object was higher in case of GEN treated mice as compared to control. see more These findings suggest higher learning and memory of GEN treated mice than of control. IB showed that the expression of ERK1/2 was significantly high in GEN treated mouse brain as compared to control. Such study may be helpful to understand GEN mediated learning and memory involving ERK1/2.Psychosis is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder that affects millions of individuals worldwide and impairs the quality of life and productivity of the patients. Terminalia macroptera Guill & Perr. (Combrataceae) is a plant that is used in the management of anxiety related disorders. The present study investigates the antipsychotic effects of ethyl acetate fraction of T. macroptera (EFTM) leaf in ketamine-induced psychosis in mice. Acute toxicity of EFTM was determine using Lorke's method. Ketamine (25 mg/kg) was injected once daily for 7 consecutive days in Swiss albino mice to induce psychosis. The effect of the extracts (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) was evaluated against psychotic-like behaviors induced by ketamine including locomotor activity and stereotypy in the open field test, immobility duration in the forced swim test, and memory impairment using the Y- maze test. The acute antipsychotic effect of EFTM was evaluated on apomorphine climbing test, while woodblock test was performed to assess its extrapyramidal side effects. The LD50 was found to be 3807 mg/kg p.o. which is considered safe. EFTM (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) exhibited significant antipsychotic effect by reducing ketamine-induced hyperactivity, immobility, and memory deficit in mice, EFTM also suppressed stereotypic climbing behavior due to apomorphine. Accordingly, the antipsychotic activity of EFTM was not associated with extrapyramidal side effects as evidenced by lack of catalepsy. The study revealed that EFTM ameliorated psychotic-like symptoms and is devoid of extrapyramidal side effects in mice, underscoring its antipsychotic-like effect.Neural stem cells (NSC) restrict their differentiation potential as the central nervous system develops. Experimental evidence suggests that the mechanisms governing the transition from the neurogenic to the gliogenic phase irreversibly affect the ability of NSC to generate neurons. Cell cycle regulation has been associated with cell fate in different models. In this work, we assessed the temporal correlation between the loss of the neurogenic potential and cell cycle lengthening of NSC obtained from embryonic mouse spinal cords, during the transition of the neurogenic to the gliogenic phase, using neurospheres. We also used the cell cycle inhibitor Olomoucine to increase cell cycle length by decreasing the proliferation rate. Our results show that neurospheres obtained from a neurogenic stage give rise mostly to neurons, whereas those obtained from later stages produce preferentially glial cells. During the transition from neurogenesis to gliogenesis, the proliferation rate dropped, and the cell cycle length increased 1.5 folds, as monitored by DNA BrdU incorporation. Interestingly, Olomoucine-treated neurogenic-neurospheres display a reduced proliferation rate and preserve their neurogenic potential. Our results suggest that the mechanisms that restrict the differentiation potential of NSC are independent of the proliferation control.Monodora myristica and Xylopia aethiopica are two underutilised spices that are hypothesized to be important in the management and treatment of certain stress-induced diseases such as depression. The present study was designed to test the anti-depressant effects of the essential oils of Monodora myristica (EOMM) and Xylopia aethiopica (EOXA) and the possible underlying mechanisms in a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) - induced depression in the rat. Forty-two male Wistar rats were assigned to seven groups (n = 6); group I received corn oil (p.o, unstressed control), group II (stressed control) administered corn oil, groups III-IV received EOMM (150 & 300 mg/kg, p.o), groups V - VI received EOXA (150 & 300 mg/kg, p.o) whereas group VII had fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, p.o in d/w). Corn oil served as the vehicle for the delivery of the essential oils and the doses were administered via gastric intubation to rat once daily for six consecutive weeks from the 2nd week. Open-field, tail suspension (TST), and forceith a reduction in serum Corticosterone (CORT) and brain Monoamine Oxidase-A (MAO-A) levels.In this article, the authors report an overview of the healthcare management of People with Spinal Cord Injury living in Morocco. The authors' experience in monitoring neurologic recovery and rehabilitation expectations and outcomes are also presented. In addition to the epidemiological data, the patient journey through the chain of care, living with Spinal Cord Injury, the health and rehabilitation system are discussed. This paper illustrates well the suffering of people with Spinal Cord Injury specifically and of disabled persons in general living in low and middle-income countries, especially with the lack of access to specialized and quality rehabilitation facilities and shortage of healthcare workers specialized in rehabilitation.Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease in which the risk of development increases with age. People with AD are plagued with deficits in their cognition, memory, and basic social skills. Many of these deficits are believed to be caused by the formation of amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in regions of the brain associated with memory, such as the hippocampus. However, one of the early, preclinical symptoms of AD is the loss of olfactory detection and discrimination. To determine if a mouse model of AD expresses the same olfactory dysfunction seen in human AD, 3xTg-AD mice were given a buried food test and, unlike previous studies, compared to their background and parental strains. Results showed that over 52 weeks, the 3xTg-AD mice took significantly longer to find the buried food than the control strains. The olfactory bulbs of the 3xTg-AD mice were removed, sliced, and stained using Congo red for histological analysis. Amyloid deposits were observed predominantly in the granule layer of the olfactory bulb beginning at 13 weeks of age in 3xTg-AD mice, but not in the control strains of mice.
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