Notes

Pathophysiology involving core serous chorioretinopathy: a books assessment together with good quality assessment.
But you have to be alert and brave to take the opportunities that life offers you.The amount of proteins of the regulatory pluripotency network can be determinant for somatic cell reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as well as for the maintenance of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). Here we report a transposon-based reprogramming system (PB-Booster) that allowed high expression levels of a polycistronic transgene containing Myc, Klf4, Oct4 and Sox2 (MKOS) and showed increased reprogramming efficiency of fresh mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) into iPSCs under low but not under high MKOS expression levels. In contrast, MEFs after 2 passages derived into similar number of iPSC colonies than fresh MEFs at high MKOS dose but this number was reduced at low MKOS dose. Timing of reprogramming was not affected by MKOS expression levels but, importantly, exogenous MKOS expression in established PSCs caused a significant cell loss. At high but not at low MKOS expression levels, MEFs of the CD1 strain produced more initial cell clusters than iPSCs and, although reprogrammed at a similar efficiency as MEFs of the 129/Sv strain, iPSCs could not be maintained in the absence of exogenous MKOS. In CD1-iPSCs, Oct4, Nanog, Rex1 and Esrrb expression levels were reduced when compared with the levels in PSCs derived from the 129/Sv strain. Culture of CD1-iPSCs in medium with MEK and GSK3ß inhibitors allowed their self-renewal in the absence of exogenous MKOS, but the expression levels of Oct4, Nanog, Rex1 and Esrrb were only partially increased. Despite the reduced levels of those pluripotency factors, CD1-iPSC kept high capacity for contribution to chimeric mouse embryos. Therefore, levels of regulatory pluripotency factors influence reprogramming initiation and PSC maintenance in vitro without affecting their differentiation potential in vivo.This review highlights the history of Developmental Biology studies in Latin-American countries of Central America, the northern region of South America and the Caribbean and their impact on the field. For this, we have compiled the contributions made by investigators in various institutions of the region, including universities, agricultural, research and health centers. Most of the contributions focus on particular fields, among them, Evo-Devo, regenerative biology, nervous system development and health related issues. A large share of the contributions originates from a subset of countries, primarily, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama and Puerto Rico. In addition, we underscore the new investigators and the ongoing research in the region.This review highlights the work that my research group has been developing, together with international collaborators, during the last decade. Since we were able to establish Xenopus laevis experimental model in Brazil we have been focused on understanding early embryonic patterns regarding neural induction and axes establishment. In this context, Wnt pathway appears as a major player and has been much explored by us and other research groups. Here we chose to review three published works that we consider landmarks within the history of our research on the developmental biology field and the neural induction and patterning modern findings. We intend to show how our series of discoveries, when painted together, tells a story that covers crucial developmental windows of early differentiation paths of anterior neural tissue. Being those 1. Establishing Head organizer in contrast to trunk organizer at early gastrula; 2. 3-MA research buy deciding between neural ectoderm and epidermis ectoderm at the blastula/gastrula stages, and 3. the gathering of prechordal unique properties at late gastrula/early neurula.The axial skeleton of the anurans has undergone an evolutionary reduction of its bone elements. This structural plan is strongly preserved throughout the order and would have emerged as a highly specialized anatomical adaptation to its locomotor jumping pattern. The development programs that direct the vertebral morphogenesis of the anurans are poorly described and the molecular bases that have caused their pattern to differ from other tetrapods are completely unknown. In this work, we review the ontogeny of the spinal column of the anurans and explore the genetic mechanisms that could explain the morphological difference and the maintenance of the body plan during evolution. Here we propose that the absence of caudal osseous elements, as a consequence of the inability of sclerotomes to form cartilaginous condensations in frogs, could be due to changes in both pattern and expression levels of Hox , Pax1, Pax9 and Uncx4.1 genes along the anteroposterior axis. The anteriorised expression of the Hox genes together with the reduction in the expression levels of Pax1, Pax9 and Uncx4 in the posterior somites could explain, at least partly, the loss of caudal vertebrae in the anurans during the evolution.Although the vertebrate head has evolved to a wide collection of adaptive shapes, the fundamental signalling pathways and cellular events that outline the head skeleton have proven to be highly conserved. This conservation suggests that major morphological differences are due to changes in differentiation and morphogenetic programs downstream of a well-maintained developmental prepattern. Here we provide a brief examination of the mechanisms and pathways responsible for vertebrate head development, as well as an overview of the animal models suitable for studying face development. Besides, we describe the criteria for neurocristopathies classification, highlighting the contribution of zebrafish to the modelling of Treacher Collins/Franceschetti Syndrome, an emblematic neurocristopathy. The contributions from our laboratory reveal that proper zebrafish head development depends on the fine-tuning of developmental-gene expression mediated by nucleic acid binding proteins able to regulate the DNA conformation and / or neuroepithelium redox state.Salamanders are the only vertebrates that can regenerate limbs as adults. This makes them ideal models to investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms of tissue regeneration. Ambystoma mexicanum and Nothopthalmus viridescens have long served as primary salamander models of limb regeneration, and the recent sequencing of the axolotl genome now provides a blueprint to mine regeneration insights from other salamander species. In particular, there is a need to study South American plethodontid salamanders that present different patterns of limb development and regeneration. A broader sampling of species using next-generation sequencing approaches is needed to reveal shared and unique mechanisms of regeneration, and more generally, the evolutionary history of salamander limb regeneration.
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