Notes

Infection-Related Myelopathies.
Cervical cancer is the third most common malignancy in pregnancy. Pregnancy does not have a detrimental effect on the survival of patients with cervical carcinoma. Management of cervical carcinoma in pregnancy depends on the stage of the disease, tumor size, nodal status, pathohistological characteristics of the tumor, the gestation of pregnancy, age and parity of patient and her motivation to preserve the pregnancy. In pregnant patients with the locally advanced cervical carcinoma (LACC) and strong desire to continue the pregnancy, the neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) could be the option to preserve pregnancy while having cancer under the control. The goal of NACT in treatment of LACC in pregnancy is 1. To treat, stabilize and prevent further dissemination of the disease until the term 2. selleckchem To decrease the volume and extent of the tumor, making it more operable or radiosensitive after delivery 3. To effect on lymph node metastasis and distant micrometastasis during pregnancy Chemotherapy should not be applied during the organogenesis, before 10th, preferably 14th week of gestation. Administration of chemotherapy after the first trimester is not related tothe increased number of congenital malformations. If applied in the second or third trimester, chemotherapy is connected withfetal growth restriction, low birth weight, and preterm labor. Since data on safety and efficacy of NACT in LACC in pregnancy are still limited and based on a low level of evidence from 37 cases known so far, this treatment modality should remain experimental and reserved to highly motivated patients wishing to preserve the pregnancy.Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) demonstrates increasing rates worldwide due to viral-related (High Risk Human Papilloma Virus-HR HPV) persistent infection, cigarette and alcohol consumptions. Gross chromosomal alterations and specific gene aberrations-such as amplifications, deletions, point mutations-combined or not with epigenetic changes are responsible for the progressive transformation of normal squamous epithelia to their malignant phenotype. Among oncogenes that are implicated in the development and progression of LSCC, mouse double minute 2 homolog / murine double minute 2 (mdm2) seems to be an interesting marker for the biological behavior of the malignancy. Mdm2 is a proto-oncogene (gene locus 12q14.3), encodes for a nuclear-localized E3 ubiquitin ligase, and acts as a major negative regulator in p53-mdm2 auto-regulatory pathway. Mdm2 directly binds to p53 and represses its transcriptional activity and promotes p53 proteasomal degradation. Aberrant mdm2 overexpression is a frequent observation in breast carcinomas, whereas there are limited data regarding LSCC. In the current molecular review we explored the role and specific aspects of mdm2 gene in LSCC.Modern research and scientific conclusions are widely regarded as valid when the study design and analysis are interpreted correctly. P-value is considered to be the most commonly used method to provide a dichotomy between true and false data in evidence-based medicine. However, many authors, reviewers and editors may be unfamiliar with the true definition and correct interpretation of this number. This article intends to point out how misunderstanding or misuse of this value can have an impact in both the scientific community as well as the society we live in. The foundation of the medical education system rewards the abundance of scientific papers rather than the careful search of the truth. Appropriate research ethics should be practised in all stages of the publication process.The Columbidae species (Aves, Columbiformes) show considerable variation in their diploid numbers (2n = 68-86), but there is limited understanding of the events that shaped the extant karyotypes. Hence, we performed whole chromosome painting (wcp) for paints GGA1-10 and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) probes for chromosomes GGA11-28 for Columbina passerina, Columbina talpacoti, Patagioenas cayennensis, Geotrygon violacea and Geotrygon montana. Streptopelia decaocto was only investigated with paints because BACs for GGA10-28 had been previously analyzed. We also performed phylogenetic analyses in order to trace the evolutionary history of this family in light of chromosomal changes using our wcp data with chicken probes and from Zenaida auriculata, Columbina picui, Columba livia and Leptotila verreauxi, previously published. G-banding was performed on all these species. Comparative chromosome paint and G-banding results suggested that at least one interchromosomal and many intrachromosomal rearrangements had occurred in the diversification of Columbidae species. On the other hand, a high degree of conservation of microchromosome organization was observed in these species. Our cladistic analysis, considering all the chromosome rearrangements detected, provided strong support for L. verreauxi and P. cayennensis, G. montana and G. violacea, C. passerina and C. talpacoti having sister taxa relationships, as well as for all Columbidae species analyzed herein. Additionally, the chromosome characters were mapped in a consensus phylogenetic topology previously proposed, revealing a pericentric inversion in the chromosome homologous to GGA4 in a chromosomal signature unique to small New World ground doves.Horses are nowadays mainly used for sport and leisure activities, and several local breeds, traditionally used in agriculture, have been exposed to a dramatic loss in population size and genetic diversity. The loss of genetic diversity negatively impacts individual fitness and reduces the potential long-term survivability of a breed. Recent advances in molecular biology and bioinformatics have allowed researchers to explore biodiversity one step further. This study aimed to evaluate the loss of genetic variability and identify genomic regions under selection pressure in the Bardigiano breed based on GGP Equine70k SNP data. The effective population size based on Linkage Disequilibrium (Ne) was equal to 39 horses, and it showed a decline over time. The average inbreeding based on runs of homozygosity (ROH) was equal to 0.17 (SD = 0.03). The majority of the ROH were relatively short (91% were ≤ 2Mbp long), highlighting the occurrence of older inbreeding, rather than a more recent occurrence. A total of eight ROH islands, shared among more than 70% of the Bardigiano horses, were found.
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