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A collection of the editors of Journal of Molecular Evolution have gotten together to pose a set of key challenges and future directions for the field of molecular evolution. Topics include challenges and new directions in prebiotic chemistry and the RNA world, reconstruction of early cellular genomes and proteins, macromolecular and functional evolution, evolutionary cell biology, genome evolution, molecular evolutionary ecology, viral phylodynamics, theoretical population genomics, somatic cell molecular evolution, and directed evolution. While our effort is not meant to be exhaustive, it reflects research questions and problems in the field of molecular evolution that are exciting to our editors.BACKGROUND Addiction is associated with health-related and social risks. The interministerial harmonized Lower Saxon concept on drug prevention was most recently revised in 2008 and is predominantly implemented by drug counselling services, drug prevention specialists, the police, self-help groups, corporate addiction prevention, child welfare, and local prevention committees. OBJECTIVE The study aimed at providing the necessary information for an intended enhancement of the Lower Saxon concept on drug prevention. METHOD Descriptive analysis of the ratings of a sample of 459 stakeholders involved in preventive activities who completed an online questionnaire on the current performance of Lower Saxon drug prevention. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Moderate levels of success have been rated in terms of the achievement of selected preventive goals as well as certain quality standards. An additional need for drug prevention was described for several target groups, including children living in families with a drug-addicted family member, youth aged between 13 and 17, refugees, children with poor educational background, people suffering from mental illness, trainees and university students, as well as the unemployed. In comparison to other institutions, German employment offices, job centers, and churches were nominated to a lesser extent as being responsible for executing drug prevention. Participants saw great potential in a more consistent implementation of current regulations on advertisement, access, and consumption as well as for additional situation-based-prevention. In addition, stakeholders felt restricted in their preventive work due to financial constraints and a lack of recourse in terms of evaluation and documentation. Disregarding their various institutional backgrounds participants had a common agreement when evaluating the questions. Differences led back to their deferring public service obligations.Four QTL for ergot resistance (causal pathogen Claviceps purpurea) have been identified in the durum wheat cultivar Greenshank. Claviceps purpurea is a pathogen of grasses that infects flowers, replacing the seed with an ergot sclerotium. Ergot presents a significant problem to rye, barley and wheat, in particular hybrid seed production systems. In addition, there is evidence that the highly toxic alkaloids that accumulate within sclerotia can cross-contaminate otherwise healthy grain. Host resistance to C. purpurea is rare, few resistance loci having been identified. In this study, four ergot resistance loci are located on chromosomes 1B, 2A, 5A and 5B in the durum wheat cv. Greenshank. Ergot resistance was assessed through analysis of phenotypes associated with C. purpurea infection, namely the number of inoculated flowers that produced sclerotia, or resulted in ovary death but no sclerotia, the levels of honeydew produced, total sclerotia weight and average sclerotia weight and size per spike. Ergot testing was undertaken in Canada and the UK. A major effect QTL, QCp.aafc.DH-2A, was detected in both the Canadian and UK experiments and had a significant effect on honeydew production levels. QCp.aafc.DH-5B had the biggest influence on total sclerotia weight per spike. QCp.aafc.DH-1B was only detected in the Canadian experiments and QCp.aafc.DH-5A in the UK experiment. An RNASeq analysis, undertaken to identify wheat differentially expressed genes associated with different combinations of the four ergot resistance QTL, revealed a disproportionate number of DEGs locating to the QCp.aafc.DH-1B, QCp.aafc.DH-2A and QCp.aafc.DH-5B QTL intervals.PURPOSE To investigate the role of DHA supplementation in preventing age-related cognitive decline (ARCD) in individual cognitive domains by conducting systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS Relevant clinical trials were systematically searched at Medline, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, ProQuest, and Embase databases since inception to June 2018. The PRISMA guidelines were adhered for data abstraction, quality assessment, and validation of included studies. Study details such as participant characteristics, DHA supplementation, and cognitive function outcome measures, i.e., memory, attention, working memory, and executive function, were extracted to perform meta-analysis according to the Cochrane guidelines. Additional meta-regression and subgroup analyses were performed to detect confounding variables and sensitivity of results, respectively. RESULTS Ten studies including 2327 elderly individuals were part of the final results. Study exhibited minimal or no pooled incremental effects on memory (0.22, 95%CI = - 0.17 to 0.61, I2 = 94.36%), attention (0.1, 95%CI = - 0.04 to 0.25, I2 = 32.25%), working memory (0.01, 95%CI = - 0.10 to 0.12, I2 = 0%), and executive function (0.03, 95%CI = - 0.05 to 0.11, I2 = 78.48%) among the DHA-supplemented group. selleck inhibitor The results from standard mean difference between the groups, on memory (0.08, 95%CI = - 0.12 to 0.28, I2 = 76.82%), attention (0.04, 95%CI = - 0.09 to 0.23, I2 = 42.63%), working memory (- 0.08, 95%CI = - 0.26 to 0.10, I2 = 37.57%), and executive function (0.17, 95%CI = - 0.01 to 0.36, I2 = 78.48%) were similar to the results of pooled incremental analysis. Lastly, results remained unaffected by sensitivity and sub-group analyses. CONCLUSIONS Current pieces of evidence do not support the role of DHA supplementation, in preventing/retarding ARCD of memory, executive function, attention, and working memory. Protocol registered at PROSPERO (ID PROSPERO 2018 CRD42018099401).
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