Notes

Mental components along with managing strategies throughout child birth difficult by simply hypertension: The cluster-analytic tactic.
Two experiments are presented that use tasks common in research in numerical cognition with young adults and older adults as subjects. In these tasks, one or two arrays of dots are displayed, and subjects decide whether there are more or fewer dots of one kind than another. Results show that older adults, relative to young adults, tend to rely more on the perceptual feature, area, in making numerosity judgments when area is correlated with numerosity. Also, convex hull unexpectedly shows different effects depending on the task (being either correlated with numerosity or anticorrelated). Accuracy and response time (RT) data are interpreted with the integration of the diffusion decision model with models for the representation of numerosity. One model assumes that the representation of the difference depends on the difference between the numerosities and that standard deviations (SDs) increase linearly with numerosity, and the other model assumes a log representation with constant SDs. The representational models have coefficients that are applied to differences between two numerosities to produce drift rates and SDs in drift rates in the decision process. The two tasks produce qualitatively different patterns of RTs One model fits results from one task, but the results are mixed for the other task. The effects of age on model parameters show a modest decrease in evidence driving the decision process, an increase in the duration of processes outside the decision process (nondecision time), and an increase in the amount of evidence needed to make a decision (boundary separation). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Understanding language requires the ability to compose the meanings of words into phrase and sentence meanings. Formal theories in semantics have framed the hypothesis that all instances of meaning composition, irrespective of the syntactic and semantic properties of the expressions involved, boil down to a unique formal operation, that is, the application of a function to an argument, a view known as "Frege's Conjecture." We test the processing consequences of this idea using event-related potentials (ERPs) and a novel experimental paradigm where composition versus noncomposition of words from the same grammatical category (nouns) are compared in two different syntactic environments predication and modification. We found that noun composition in a modification context, where the noun follows an adjective, elicits a reduced N400 component, whereas noun composition in a predication context, where the noun follows a verb, produces an enhanced LAN component. These data challenge the uniqueness thesis, central to formal semantics, and support instead linguistic theories and processing models that posit different composition operations for predicates and modifiers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Prior behavioral experiments across a variety of tasks have typically shown that the go/no-go procedure produces not only shorter response times and/or fewer errors than the two-choice procedure, but also yields a higher sensitivity to experimental manipulations. To uncover the time course of information processing in the go/no-go versus the two-choice procedures during visual word recognition, we examined the impact of a lexical factor (word frequency) in a lexical-decision task by tracking event-related potential (ERP) waves. If the differences across response procedures influence relatively early lexical processing stages, we would expect word frequency to induce differences across tasks in the early epochs of the ERP. this website Alternatively, if the differences across response procedures only occur at a postaccess response selection stage, we would only expect differences across procedures in late time windows of the ERP. Results showed that the word-frequency effect occurred earlier (starting around 200 ms poststimuli) in the go/no-go than in the two-choice response procedure. These results support the view of a largely flexible cognitive network in which a subtle manipulation of the response procedure can affect early components of processing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Reports an error in "Opposing contributions of psychologically distinct components of empathy to empathic accuracy" by Ananya Mayukha, Isabel Andrade and Jeremy Cone (Journal of Experimental Psychology General, Advanced Online Publication, May 14, 2020, np). In the original article, significance levels indicated by the asterisks in Table 2 are incorrect. The corrected Table 2 is given in erratum. All versions of this article have been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2020-31909-001). What is it that provides us an accurate window into the thoughts and feelings of others? Although, intuitively, it might seem as though trait empathy would enhance this ability, research has produced decidedly mixed results, ultimately failing to uncover robust, systematic relationships between the two. Recent research has suggested, however, that different facets of empathy-emotional contagion, on the one hand, and empathic concern, on the other-are psychologically distinct and resultirically separating psychologically distinct facets of empathy to more accurately characterize their independent contributions to interpersonal processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Although numerous studies have identified factors that affect eyewitness identification accuracy, recent studies report that many of these factors do not affect the accuracy of high-confidence identifications. This is critical because legal cases are more likely to be prosecuted if they involve high-confidence eyewitnesses. Using a confidence-accuracy characteristic (CAC) analysis, we explored whether stress affects the accuracy of high-confidence identifications. In two experiments, people viewed faces followed by an old/new recognition-memory test and provided confidence ratings. Stress was manipulated by pairing a low- or high-valence image with each studied face. Identification accuracy was higher in the low- than high-stress condition, yet the proportion correct for high-confidence positive identifications was similar in the two stress conditions. Elevated stress impairs eyewitness identification accuracy overall. However, the results of this study suggest that confidence is a better predictor of recognition-memory accuracy than is stress even though confidence alone is still an imperfect predictor.
Website: https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gcn2ib.html