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The Ag2S-NPs remaining in the soil were then extracted with Na2S solution at pH 7.0 through selective complexation. Optimal recoveries of Ag-NPs, AgCl-NPs, Ag2S-NPs, and dissolved Ag were 99.1 ± 2.4%, 112.0 ± 3.4%, 96.4 ± 4.0%, and 112.2 ± 4.1%, respectively. The method was validated to investigate the speciation of n-Ag in soils and sediments, exhibiting the distribution of Ag-NPs, AgCl-NPs, Ag2S-NPs, and dissolved Ag in each sample, wherein Ag2S-NPs, the major species of n-Ag, accounted for 35.42-68.87% of the total Ag. The results of n-Ag speciation in soil are comparable to those obtained through the linear combination fitting of XANES. This method thus is a powerful, yet convenient, substitute for XANES to understand the speciation of n-Ag in complex solid matrices.Here, we report on the use of 40 ± 4 nm silver nanocubes (AgNCs) as electrochemical labels in bioassays. The model metalloimmunoassay combines galvanic exchange (GE) and anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). The results show that a lower limit of detection is achieved by simply changing the shape of the Ag label yielding improved GE with AgNCs when compared to GE with spherical silver nanoparticles (sAgNPs). Specifically, during GE between electrogenerated Au3+ and the Ag labels, a thin shell of Au forms on the surface of the NP. This shell is more porous when GE proceeds on AgNCs compared to sAgNPs, and therefore, more exchange occurs when using AgNCs. ASV results show that the Ag collection efficiency (AgCE%) is increased by up to ∼57% when using AgNCs. CAY10683 inhibitor When the electrochemical system is fully optimized, the limit of detection is 0.1 pM AgNCs, which is an order of magnitude lower than that of sAgNP labels.Continued access to sanitation and the improvements to public health that it provides requires safe fecal sludge management (FSM). Trained service providers offer the best path to achieve safe FSM in rural communities, but this service industry is hindered by a lack of understanding household valuation of FSM services in rural Cambodia. Using a discrete choice experiment, we characterize rural households' preferences for four different FSM-service attributes across five provinces. We find that rural households prefer preventing contact with fecal sludge (FS) most among the tested FSM-service attributes, followed by reducing foul odor and producing fertilizer from FS. Reducing time to service delivery was also preferred comparably to producing fertilizer from FS when time to service delivery increased to 4 weeks. Preferences were also analyzed by province, poverty, and education, providing regional and demographic-specific results. Based on the study's results, we recommend that Cambodia's rural sanitation sector develop an FSM-service model that focuses on preventing human contact with FS. Premium levels of service that reduce foul odor and/or provide fertilizer from FS should be offered. Development practitioners should consider the strong preference heterogeneity for FSM-service attributes of households across and within provinces and demographics. These recommendations will provide practical benefits to FSM safety and ultimately improve public health.Many in vivo and in vitro applications using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) require (i) their PEGylation, as it increases their stability and prevents nonspecific protein adsorption, and (ii) their conjugation to biomolecules, that provides them with specific recognition properties. Currently, the functionalization of AuNPs is based on thiol chemistry that suffers from two major drawbacks (i) the Au-S bond is labile and confers limited chemical robustness to the organic layer, and (ii) control over the bioconjugation density is highly challenging. We report here a novel functionalization strategy based on calix[4]arene-tetradiazonium platforms for the coating of AuNPs with a robust PEG layer and their controlled bioconjugation. AuNPs were first modified with a functional calix[4]arene-diazonium salt bearing three PEG chains ended by a methoxy group and one by a carboxyl group. The resulting particles showed excellent chemical and colloidal stabilities, compared to similar systems obtained via a classical thiol chemistry, and could even be dispersed in human serum without degrading or aggregating. In addition to that, the carboxyl groups protruding from the PEG layer allowed their conjugation via amide bond formation with amine-containing biomolecules such as peptides. The control of the bioconjugation was obtained by grafting mixed layers of functional and nonfunctional PEGylated calix[4]arenes, that allowed varying the number of functional groups carried by the AuNPs and subsequently their bioconjugation capacity while preserving their dense protective PEG shell. Finally, we used these nanomaterials, modified with peptide aptamers, for the in vitro biosensing of a cancer biomarker, Mdm2.A three-dimensional non-centrosymmetric cluster organic framework has successfully been built from the Sn6 and Na4 cluster units via the oxalate ligand, which belongs to the first 3D framework containing different cluster units in the field of tin-oxo clusters. Besides the interesting structural characteristics, the obtained 3D framework not only can efficiently adsorb the iodine molecules but also displays the second harmonic generation response under the 1064 nm Q-switch laser.A method was developed to fabricate light, water-insoluble silk fibroin nanofibrous aerogels (SNFAs) through solvent welding of lyophilized silk nanofibrous 3D networks at the junction points while converting silk structures from random-coils to β-sheets (water insoluble). Aromatic alcohols, especially phenethyl alcohol (PEA), supported robust solvent welding and the structural conversion of silk. PEA vapor treatment was a better approach than solvent infusion to retain volume, density, and mechanical strength of the SNFAs. The mechanical properties of highly orientated SNFAs were superior to randomly distributed fibers. The SNFAs had a low density (3.5 mg/cm3), high hydrophobicity (140.9°), and a porous surface morphology on the individual nanofibers, resulting in high efficiency and selectivity for absorbing particulate matter and oils. Compared with commonly used inorganic aerogels, the SNFAs developed in this study are biocompatible, easily functionalized, environmentally friendly, and low-cost and therefore have potential for air and water purification, biosensors, drug delivery, and tissue engineering.
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