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Valley-scale hydrogeomorphology pushes pond bass installation variance inside Mongolia.
In addition, mutations in gyrA (S83L and D87N), parC (S80I and E84V), and parE (I529L) conferring fluoroquinolone resistance were also found. Moreover, SSM100 isolate carried 88 virulence genes, of which 28 are reported to be associated with UPEC. The emergence of NDM-5 carbapenemase in a pandemic ST405-D-O102H6 clone in Mozambique is of great concern. Locations of extended-spectrum β-lactamase determinants and NDM-5 carbapenemase gene on IncF-plasmid can increase their spread reinforcing the need for antimicrobial surveillance and the urgent introduction of carbapenemase detection tests in diagnostic laboratories of the country.To improve serodiagnostic methods for diagnosis of acute from chronic toxoplasmosis, an economical in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for measuring Toxoplasma-specific IgG, IgM, and IgG avidity has been developed and assessed based on use of various Toxoplasma gondii antigens, including SAG1, GRA7, and a combination of SAG1 and GRA7 (SAG1+GRA7), as well as Toxoplasma lysate antigens (TLAs). Performances of in-house IgM, IgG, and IgG avidity assays were compared to those of ELISA commercial kits and VIDAS Toxo IgG avidity. A set of 138 sera from patients with acquired T. gondii infection and seronegative people were assessed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed an area under curve (AUC) of 0.98, 0.97, 0.99, and 0.99 for IgM-TLAs, IgM-SAG1, IgM-GRA7, and IgM-SAG1+GRA7, respectively. Furthermore, AUC was calculated as 0.99, 0.99, 0.98, and 0.99 for IgG-TLAs, IgG-SAG1, IgG-GRA7, and IgG-SAG1+GRA7, respectively. The current study showed that GRA7 included 100% sensitivity for the detection of Toxo IgM, while SAG1 included 89.7% sensitivity. Furthermore, the highest specificity (97.2%) to detect Toxo IgM was achieved using SAG1+GRA7 antigen. For the detection of Toxo IgG, the highest sensitivity (100%) was recorded for SAG1+GRA7, followed by TLAs (97.9%). The SAG1+GRA7 showed the greatest potential for assessing avidity of IgG antibodies, with 97.1% sensitivity and 96.6% specificity compared to those of VIDAS Toxo IgG avidity. The preliminary results have promised better discriminations between acute and chronic infections using a combination of SAG1 and GRA7 recombinant antigens compared to those using TLAs.Maize (Zea Mays L.) is one of the main crops in Ningxia Province, China, and stalk rot has become a serious disease of maize in this area. Infected plants showed softening of the stalks at lower internodes, which lodged easily and died prematurely during grain filling, and the pith tissue internally appeared to be disintegrating and slightly brown to reddish. Olaparib supplier In September 2018, symptomatic tissue was collected from seventeen locations in Ningxia. The incidence ranged from 5% to 40% in surveyed fields, reaching as high as 86% in certain plots. The discolored stalk pith tissues from the lesion region were cut into small pieces (approximately 0.5 × 0.2 cm), superficially disinfected with 75% ethanol for 1 min and rinsed three times with sterile water before plating on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium with chloromycetin. The purified strains were obtained by single-spore separation and transferred to PDA and carnation leaf agar (CLA) medium. Morphological and molecular characteristics confirmed the presence of n and it is expanding its host range and has been isolated from sorghum, Medicago, wheat, and cucumber (Ahmad et al. 2020). The pathogen should be paid more attention owing to a serious risk of trichothecene and aflatoxin contamination (Astoreca et al. 2019; Lincy et al. 2011). To our knowledge, this is the first report of maize stalk rot caused by F. nelsonii in China. References Ahmad, A., et al. 2020. Plant disease.1542 https//doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-19-2511-PDN Astoreca, A. L., et al. 2019. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 155381. Lincy, S. V., et al. 2011. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 27981. Marasas, W. F. O., et al. 1998. Mycologia 90505. Zhang, Y., et al. 2016. PLoS Pathog. 12e1005485. Funding This research was financially supported by National R & D Plan of China (No.2019QZKK0303); Ningxia Agriculture and Forestry Academy Science and Technology Cooperation Project (DW-X-2018019).In autumn 2018, during a study on the pathogens involved in the etiology of chestnut nut rot symptoms observed in three of the main sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) growing areas in Sardinia (Site 1 39°56'55"N/09°11'45"E; site 2 39°58'20"N/09°09'41"E; site 3 40°52'50"N/09°08'45"E), Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi was found to be the main causal agent. In addition to G. smithogilvyi, 15 out of 450 nuts processed, yielded on potato dextrose agar (PDA, 39 g/L) at 22°C white colonies with dense aerial mycelium becoming dark grey after 4 to 7 days. Pycnidia were produced within 4 weeks in half-strength PDA incubated at room temperature under natural daylight. The hyaline, ellipsoid to fusiform and aseptate conidia measured 13.4-19.2 × 4.8-7.7 μm (n = 50). All morphological characters matched those reported for Neofusicoccum parvum by Phillips et al. (2013). Identity of isolates was confirmed by DNA sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and part of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gen the nuts were inoculated with a same-sized agar-mycelium plug cut from the margin of a 5-day-old PDA colony. Ten control nuts were inoculated with a sterile PDA plug applied as described above. Inoculated nuts were kept in thermostat at 22 °C in the dark for 18 days. All nuts inoculated with N. parvum showed light-brown to dark necrosis of kernel associated with loss of tissue consistency. The symptoms were congruent with those observed in nature. All N. parvum isolates were successfully reisolated from all the inoculated nuts, fulfilling Koch's postulates. No lesions were observed on controls. N. parvum is recognized as an emerging plant pathogen worldwide. In particular, several studies report N. parvum as a growing threat to agricultural and forest ecosystems in the Mediterranean area (Larignon et al., 2015; Manca et al., 2020). This is the first report of N. parvum causing chestnut nut rot in Italy.
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