Notes

[Investigation involving occupational danger regarding 550 kV further high voltage substations].
63, 95% CI [.04, 1.29]).

To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that the relationship between ABA and in vivo alcoholic beverage consumption is fully mediated by alcohol craving. Future research can extend understanding of the causal relationship between ABA, craving, and consumption, by determining whether direct modification of ABA influences alcohol consumption by altering craving. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that the relationship between ABA and in vivo alcoholic beverage consumption is fully mediated by alcohol craving. Future research can extend understanding of the causal relationship between ABA, craving, and consumption, by determining whether direct modification of ABA influences alcohol consumption by altering craving. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Negative affect (NA) is presumed to be an important trigger for drinking, particularly among coping-motivated drinkers. However, diary studies attempting to predict alcohol use from interactions between state NA and coping motives have proved inconsistent. Craving or momentary desire for alcohol may be a more proximal and robust consequence of NA in coping-motivated drinkers.

Data were drawn from an ecological momentary assessment investigation. Frequent drinkers (
= 403) carried electronic diaries for 21 consecutive days, recording their drinking behavior, and rating cravings for alcohol and NA.

Outside of active drinking episodes, within-person elevations of momentary NA were associated with increased craving intensity, and this effect was more prominent among drinkers with higher dispositional coping motives. There was no significant interaction between coping motives and momentary NA in predicting the occurrence and amount of same-day alcohol use. Significant conditional indirect effects indicated that NA promoted drinking through increases in craving. These indirect effects were stronger among drinkers reporting higher coping motives.

Coping motives and within-person fluctuations in NA interactively predict alcohol craving. NA promotes drinking indirectly via increased craving, particularly among coping-motivated drinkers. Alcohol craving may be a proximal and sensitive response channel for investigating interactions between affective distress and coping motives. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Coping motives and within-person fluctuations in NA interactively predict alcohol craving. NA promotes drinking indirectly via increased craving, particularly among coping-motivated drinkers. Alcohol craving may be a proximal and sensitive response channel for investigating interactions between affective distress and coping motives. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Whether people's current motivation levels increase or decline also hinge on their social environment. The current research tightly integrates motivational principles from self-regulation research with social comparison processes. In a preregistered experience sampling study including more than 5,400 social comparison situations from people's everyday life, we investigated how discrepancy assessments between the self and a comparison standard influence people's motivation and affect. Results revealed a nonlinear relationship between negative discrepancies (upward comparisons) and effort investment ("pushing") Whereas motivational pushing increases with negative discrepancies, more extreme upward comparisons were associated with less pushing, but increased disengagement ("giving up"). The effect of negative discrepancies on pushing motivation was even more pronounced for people perceiving high control in their domain of comparison or when the domain was considered as important. Positive discrepancies (downward comparisons), on the other hand, were related to a reduction in effort ("coasting"). Similarly, emotional responses, such as an increase or decrease in self-esteem, are yet another signal for whether someone needs to invest further effort at a current time. The self-regulatory perspective on social comparison provides a novel framework uniting motivational, emotional, and cognitive processes of social comparison for a better understanding of when social comparison can benefit or hinder people's everyday goal pursuit. Temsirolimus solubility dmso (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Psychologists often posit relatively straightforward attitude-behavior links. They also often study cultural arrangements as manifestations of attitudes and values writ large. However, we illustrate some difficulties with scaling up attitude-behavior principles from the individual-level to the cultural-level Historical attitudes and values can lead to the creation of intermediating institutions, whose value-expressive functions may be at odds with the behavioral outcomes they produce. Through "institutional inversion," institutions may facilitate rather than inhibit stigmatized behavior. Here we examine attitudes and behavior related to debt, contrast historically Protestant versus Catholic places, and show how cultural attitudes against debt may lead to the creation of institutions that increase-rather than decrease-borrowing. Historical antidebt attitudes in Protestant places have led to contemporary households in Protestant cultures now carrying the highest debt loads. We discuss the importance of supply side factors, attitude → institutions → behavior causal chains, and some blind spots that lead to unintended consequences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Childhood unpredictability and harshness are associated with patterns of psychology and behavior that enable individuals to make the most of adverse environments. The current research assessed effects of childhood unpredictability and harshness on individual differences in sacrificial moral decision making. Six studies (N = 1,503) supported the hypothesis that childhood unpredictability, but not harshness, would be associated with fewer decisions to reject harm (consistent with deontological ethics) and to maximize overall outcomes (consistent with utilitarian ethics). These associations were not moderated by perceptions of current environmental unpredictability (Studies 3a and 3b) and were robust to potential confounds (religiosity, political conservativism, Big 5 personality traits, and social desirability; Study 5). The associations between childhood unpredictability and lower deontological and utilitarian tendencies were statistically mediated by low levels of empathic concern and poor-quality social relationships (Study 4).
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