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Harmful effects of prenatal tobacco exposure and possible interaction with 17q12-21 genetic variants have been shown for some asthma outcomes in childhood, whereas findings related to allergy outcomes are more inconsistent. This study aimed to examine the effect of prenatal tobacco exposure and relation to 17q12-21 genotype on a wide array of asthma and allergy-related outcomes in early childhood.

Prenatal tobacco exposure was determined by maternal smoking during 3rd trimester (yes/no) in 411 children from the COPSAC
birth cohort with clinical follow-up till age 7 years. The rs7216389 SNP was used as main representative of the 17q12-21 locus. Asthma endpoints included asthma diagnosis, exacerbations, episodes with troublesome lung symptoms and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), spirometry, plethysmography, bronchial responsiveness to methacholine, exercise and cold dry air. Allergy-related endpoints included aeroallergen sensitisation, allergic rhinitis, fractional exhaled nitric oxide, blood e. This suggests that tobacco exposure
leads to adverse lung developmental/structural effects rather than susceptibility to develop allergy and Type 2 inflammation.
Prenatal tobacco exposure was associated with asthma dependent on 17q12-21 genotype and with exacerbations, lung function and bronchial responsiveness, but not with any allergy-related outcomes. This suggests that tobacco exposure in utero leads to adverse lung developmental/structural effects rather than susceptibility to develop allergy and Type 2 inflammation.
The effects of convalescent plasma (CP) therapy hospitalised patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remain uncertain. This study investigates the effect CP on clinical improvement in these patients.

This is an investigator-initiated, randomised, parallel arm, open-label, superiority clinical trial. Patients were randomly (11) assigned to two infusions of CP plus standard of care (SOC) or SOC alone. Guanosine5triphosphate The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with clinical improvement 28 days after enrolment.

A total of 160 (80 in each arm) patients (66.3% were critically ill and 33.7%, severe) completed the trial. The median age was 60.5 years (interquartile range [IQR], 48-68), 58.1% were men and the median time from symptom onset to randomisation was 10 days (IQR, 8-12). Neutralising antibodies titres >180 were present in 133 (83.1%) patients at baseline. The proportion of patients with clinical improvement on day 28 was 61.3% in the CP+SOC and 65.0% in the SOC group (difference, -3.7%; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], -18.8%-11.3%). The results were similar in the subgroups of severe and critically ill. There was no significant difference between CP+SOC and SOC groups in prespecified secondary outcomes, including 28-day mortality, days alive and free of respiratory support and duration of invasive ventilatory support. Inflammatory and other laboratorial markers values on days 3, 7 and 14 were similar between groups.

CP+SOC did not result in a higher proportion of clinical improvement on at day 28 in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 compared to SOC alone.
CP+SOC did not result in a higher proportion of clinical improvement on at day 28 in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 compared to SOC alone.
Lung transplantation is the ultimate treatment option for patients with end-stage respiratory diseases but bears the highest mortality rate among all solid organ transplantations due to chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). The mechanisms leading to CLAD remain elusive due to insufficient understanding of the complex post-transplant adaptation processes.

To better understand these lung adaptation processes after transplantation, and to investigate their association with future changes in allograft function.

We performed an exploratory cohort study in 78 patients on bronchoalveolar lavage samples from lung donors and recipients. We analysed the alveolar microbiome using 16S rRNA sequencing, the cellular composition using flow-cytometry, as well as metabolome and lipidome profiling.

We established distinct temporal dynamics for each of the analysed data sets. Comparing matched donor and recipient samples, we revealed that recipient-specific as well as environmental factors, rather than the donor microbiome, shape the long-term lung microbiome. We further discovered that the abundance of certain bacterial strains correlated with underlying lung diseases even after transplantation. A decline in forced expiratory volume during the first second (FEV1) is a major characteristic of lung allograft dysfunction in transplant recipients. By using a machine learning approach, we could accurately predict future changes in FEV1 from our multi-omics data, whereby microbial profiles showed a particularly high predictive power.

Bronchoalveolar microbiome, cellular composition, metabolome and lipidome show specific temporal dynamics after lung transplantation. The lung microbiome can predict future changes in lung function with high precision.
Bronchoalveolar microbiome, cellular composition, metabolome and lipidome show specific temporal dynamics after lung transplantation. The lung microbiome can predict future changes in lung function with high precision.Asthma is a common inflammatory lung disease with no known cure. Previously, we uncovered a lung TNFR2+ conventional DC2 subset (cDC2s) that induces regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintaining lung tolerance at steady state but promotes TH2 response during house dust mite (HDM)-induced asthma. Lung IFNβ is essential for TNFR2+ cDC2s-mediated lung tolerance. Here, we showed that exogenous IFNβ reprogrammed TH2-promoting pathogenic TNFR2+ cDC2s back to tolerogenic DCs, alleviating eosinophilic asthma and preventing asthma exacerbation. Mechanistically, inhaled IFNβ, not IFNα, activated ERK2 signaling in pathogenic lung TNFR2+ cDC2s, leading to enhanced fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and lung Treg induction. Last, human IFNβ reprogrammed pathogenic human lung TNFR2+ cDC2s from patients with emphysema ex vivo. Thus, we identified an IFNβ-specific ERK2-FAO pathway that might be harnessed for DC therapy.
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