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Congenital, developmental, and acquired conditions of the pediatric hip frequently present with sequelae in the adult. There is substantial overlap in the end-stage results of these pathologic conditions, including osseous changes, chondral/labral injuries, and premature osteoarthritis. This review discusses the top 10 etiopathogeneses of pediatric hip conditions and presents associated dysmorphisms in the adult on an illustrative, multimodality, case-based template. Quantitative imaging metrics and the role of advanced imaging techniques are reviewed. The ultimate goal is enhanced understanding of the expected evolution of childhood hip pathologic conditions and their associated complications for general radiologists. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has a rising prevalence in children and an increasing number of adults living with IBD were diagnosed in childhood. This chronic disorder requires frequent cross-sectional imaging for evaluating disease progression. Radiologists must be vigilant to detect and understand imaging manifestations of acute and chronic, alimentary, and extraintestinal findings of IBD. This article discusses the role of imaging in evaluation of IBD transitioning from pediatric to adult patients. Imaging modalities and techniques used for evaluating IBD are reviewed. Characteristic acute and chronic imaging findings of IBD are discussed with emphasis on what radiologists need to clearly understand. Because of a recent increase in survival rates and life expectancy of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), radiologists are facing new challenges when imaging the peculiar anatomy of individuals with repaired CHD. Cardiac computed tomography and magnetic resonance are paramount noninvasive imaging tools that are useful in assessing patients with repaired CHD, and both techniques are increasingly performed in centers where CHD is not the main specialization. This review provides general radiologists with insight into the main issues of imaging patients with repaired CHD, and the most common findings and complications of each individual pathology and its repair. Childhood interstitial lung disease (chILD) in children, teenagers, and young adults presents a challenge to the clinicians and radiologist, given its rarity, diverse imaging manifestations, and often nonspecific clinical examination findings. This article discusses the utility of available imaging techniques and associated characteristic imaging findings, and reviews the 2015 chILD classification scheme, with clinical examples highlighting the imaging features to help the radiologist aid in an efficient and accurate multidisciplinary diagnosis of chILD. Advanced pulmonary disease continues to remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), with pulmonary imaging playing a crucial role in early detection, longitudinal monitoring, as well as prelung and postlung transplant evaluation. This article reviews the specific imaging features of CF using conventional imaging modalities (chest radiographs and high-resolution computed tomography [HRCT]) as well as emerging imaging technologies (digital chest tomosynthesis and MR imaging). In addition, the authors review the CF-specific HRCT imaging findings that are essential in the evaluation of these patients in the pre-lung transplant and post-lung transplant settings. Congenital brain malformations comprise a spectrum of disorders that result from a variety of causes, including genetic abnormalities, ischemia, infections, and toxic exposures. Although most cases are discovered in infancy or childhood, clinically occult abnormalities may prove to be confounding, especially if first encountered later in life on imaging examinations obtained for other indications or in the context of superimposed pathology. This review article provides an overview of congenital brain malformations because they may be encountered at all ages for general radiologists. Contrast media are crucial for modern medical imaging. Contrast agents are generally well tolerated. However, patients may present with adverse reactions, which can be divided into pharmacological effects or hypersensitivity reactions. We present a vignette of a patient with a past history of urticaria after radiocontrast media exposure for coronary angiography. He returns for evaluation for radiocontrast media because he needs another coronary angiography. There are no validated methods for predicting such reactions yet. Mechanisms behind adverse contrast media reactions are still not well understood. Because of unknown contrast agent, the patient was successfully pretreated with corticosteroids and an H1 antihistamine. Idiopathic anaphylaxis is a condition caused by paroxysmal episodes of sudden-onset multiorgan involvement variably including laryngeal edema, urticaria, bronchoconstriction, dyspnea, hypoxia, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and hypotension. Rarely, the episodes can lead to cardiovascular collapse and death in the absence of a clear trigger, especially in the presence of other cardiovascular comorbidities. Elevated mast cell mediators such as tryptase and histamine have been reported during episodes, and mast cells are considered the primary cells responsible for driving anaphylaxis in humans. Basophils also secrete histamine and LTC4 when activated and theoretically can contribute to symptoms. As our understanding of mast cell disorders continue to grow, the classification for these disorders evolves. The purpose of this article was 2-fold to review the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of idiopathic anaphylaxis and to discuss the classification of idiopathic anaphylaxis within the broader context of mast cell activation disorders. Epinephrine is life-saving and the only first-line medication in the management of anaphylaxis. At therapeutic doses, it acts rapidly to reverse nearly all symptoms of anaphylaxis, and stabilize mast cells. The standard approved doses administered intramuscularly in the lateral thigh have a long track record for safe and effective use, but more information is needed on epinephrine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics to ensure that current dosing strategies are optimal. VPS34-IN1 cell line Epinephrine should be administered promptly once anaphylaxis is suspected, to minimize morbidity and mortality. Providers on the front-line for managing patients with life-threatening allergic reactions need clear parameters and tools to guide the appropriate use of epinephrine, which take into account the potential evolution of symptoms and signs over time. All patients at risk for anaphylaxis should carry 2 epinephrine autoinjectors and be taught and able to demonstrate how to use them. Epinephrine autoinjectors need to be affordable, readily available, and easy for patients with allergies to carry and use.
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