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Profound biogeochemical responses of anoxic sediments to the fluctuation of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in overlaying water are often observed, despite oxygen having a limited permeability in sediments. This contradiction is indicative of previously unrecognized mechanism that bridges the oxic and anoxic sediment layers. Using sediments from an urban river suffering from long-term polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination, we analyzed the physicochemical and microbial responses to artificially elevated DO (eDO) in the overlying water over 9 weeks of incubation. Significant changes in key environmental parameters and microbial diversity were detected over the 0-6 cm sediment depth, along with accelerated degradation of PAHs, despite that eDO only increased the porewater DO in the millimeter subfacial layer. The dynamics of physicochemical and microbial properties coincided well with significantly increased presence of centimeter-long sulfide-oxidizing cable bacteria filaments under eDO, and were predominantly driven by cable bacteria metabolic activities. Phylogenetic ecological network analyses further revealed that eDO reinforced cable bacteria associated interspecific interactions with functional microorganisms such as sulfate reducers, PAHs degraders, and electroactive microbes, suggesting enhanced microbial syntrophy taking advantage of cable bacteria metabolism for the regeneration of SO42- and long-distance electron transfer. Together, our results suggest cable bacteria may mediate the impacts of eDO in anaerobic sediments by altering sediment physiochemical properties and by reinforcing community interactions. Our findings highlight the ecological importance of cable bacteria in sediments.To thrive, vector-borne pathogens must survive in the vector's gut. How these pathogens successfully exploit this environment in time and space has not been extensively characterized. Using Yersinia pestis (the plague bacillus) and its flea vector, we developed a bioluminescence-based approach and employed it to investigate the mechanisms of pathogenesis at an unprecedented level of detail. Remarkably, lipoylation of metabolic enzymes, via the biosynthesis and salvage of lipoate, increases the Y. pestis transmission rate by fleas. Interestingly, the salvage pathway's lipoate/octanoate ligase LplA enhances the first step in lipoate biosynthesis during foregut colonization but not during midgut colonization. Lastly, Y. pestis primarily uses lipoate provided by digestive proteolysis (presumably as lipoyl peptides) rather than free lipoate in blood, which is quickly depleted by the vector. Thus, spatial and temporal factors dictate the bacterium's lipoylation strategies during an infection, and replenishment of lipoate by digestive proteolysis in the vector might constitute an Achilles' heel that is exploited by pathogens.Invasive species are co-introduced with microbiota from their native range and also interact with microbiota found in the novel environment to which they are introduced. Host flexibility toward microbiota, or host promiscuity, is an important trait underlying terrestrial plant invasions. To test whether host promiscuity may be important in macroalgal invasions, we experimentally simulated an invasion in a common garden setting, using the widespread invasive macroalga Agarophyton vermiculophyllum as a model invasive seaweed holobiont. After disturbing the microbiota of individuals from native and non-native populations with antibiotics, we monitored the microbial succession trajectories in the presence of a new source of microbes. Microbial communities were strongly impacted by the treatment and changed compositionally and in terms of diversity but recovered functionally by the end of the experiment in most respects. Beta-diversity in disturbed holobionts strongly decreased, indicating that different populations configure more similar -or more common- microbial communities when exposed to the same conditions. This decline in beta-diversity occurred not only more rapidly, but was also more pronounced in non-native populations, while individuals from native populations retained communities more similar to those observed in the field. This study demonstrates that microbial communities of non-native A. vermiculophyllum are more flexibly adjusted to the environment and suggests that an intraspecific increase in host promiscuity has promoted the invasion process of A. vermiculophyllum. This phenomenon may be important among invasive macroalgal holobionts in general.Microbial communities involving dehalogenating bacteria assist in bioremediation of areas contaminated with halocarbons. To understand molecular interactions between dehalogenating bacteria, we co-cultured Sulfurospirillum multivorans, dechlorinating tetrachloroethene (PCE) to cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cDCE), and Dehalococcoides mccartyi strains BTF08 or 195, dehalogenating PCE to ethene. The co-cultures were cultivated with lactate as electron donor. In co-cultures, the bacterial cells formed aggregates and D. mccartyi established an unusual, barrel-like morphology. An extracellular matrix surrounding bacterial cells in the aggregates enhanced cell-to-cell contact. PCE was dehalogenated to ethene at least three times faster in the co-culture. The dehalogenation was carried out via PceA of S. multivorans, and PteA (a recently described PCE dehalogenase) and VcrA of D. mccartyi BTF08, as supported by protein abundance. The co-culture was not dependent on exogenous hydrogen and acetate, suggesting a syntrophic relationship in which the obligate hydrogen consumer D. mccartyi consumes hydrogen and acetate produced by S. multivorans. The cobamide cofactor of the reductive dehalogenase-mandatory for D. mccartyi-was also produced by S. multivorans. D. mccartyi strain 195 dechlorinated cDCE in the presence of norpseudo-B12 produced by S. multivorans, but D. mccartyi strain BTF08 depended on an exogenous lower cobamide ligand. This observation is important for bioremediation, since cofactor supply in the environment might be a limiting factor for PCE dehalogenation to ethene, described for D. mccartyi exclusively. The findings from this co-culture give new insights into aggregate formation and the physiology of D. see more mccartyi within a bacterial community.
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