Notes

Design of Crystalline Reduction-Oxidation Cluster-Based Causes for Unnatural Photosynthesis.
World Health Organization (WHO) reported that more than 80% of people in the world use herbal traditional medicines nowadays. Many endemic medicinal plants, especially
species, are facing to extinction as a result of high harvesting, limited distribution, and habitat destruction.Tissue culture is a successful method for plant secondary metabolites production.
is a medicinal plant belonging to family Lamiaceae.

Our study was focused on devising an optimum procedure for callus induction and phenolic compounds production in
. First, we are focused on finding suitable explants and media for callus induction. Then, subsequent experiments were conducted to find an optimal concentration of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and reduced- glutathione for maximum biomass production, and phenolic compounds production in calli.

In this study, the usage of whole plant grown in Hoagland nutrient solution, were used as a source of explants. selleck chemicals llc Also, different media including, ½ MS, MS, and B5 and different combination of PGRs (NAA and BAP) were used for optimization of calli induction.

Based on the results of the first experiment, leaf-originated explants, and macro half strength MS (½ MS) medium were used for the next experiments. The highest FW (Fresh Weight) and DW (Dry Weight) of calli were observed in ½ MS medium, supplemented with 2 μM/L reduced-glutathione, 2 mg.L
BAP, and 2 mg.L
NAA. The maximum amount of total phenolic, flavonoid, tannin contents and free-radical scavenger were observed in calli which were grown in ½ MS medium supplemented with 2 μM/L reduced-glutathione, 2 mg.L
BAP, and 2 mg.L
NAA.

Our study finds the optimum condition for calli induction and phenolic compounds production in
.
Our study finds the optimum condition for calli induction and phenolic compounds production in N. binaloudensis.
Microalgal biotechnology has gained much attention previously. Monoculture algae cultivation has been carried out extensively in the last decades. However, although the mixed microalgae cultivation has some advantageous over pure cultures, there is still a lack of knowledge about the performance of mixed cultures.

In this study, it has been tried to investigate all growth aspects of marine and freshwater microalgal species in a mixed culture and their biological effects on biomass growth and composition based on wastewater nutrient consumption.

Three algal species of
and
sp. were cultivated in saline wastewater individually, then the effects of mixing the three strains on biomass productivity, nutrient removal efficiency, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and lipid content were investigated.

The obtained results revealed that the mixed culture of three strains showed the highest biomass productivity of 191 mg. L
.d
. Also, while there were no significant differences between the performance of mono and mixed culture of algal species in the removal efficiency of wastewater nutrients, the three-strain microalgal mixed culture showed the highest values of 3.5 mg.L
.d
and 5.75 mg.L
.d
in the removal rate of phosphate and nitrate, respectively. In terms of total chlorophyll and carotenoid per produced biomass, however, the mixed culture of three species showed the lowest values of 4.08 and 0.6 mg. g biomass
, respectively.

The finding proves the potential of attractive and economically feasible mixed microalgae cultivation for high percentage nutrient removal and microalgal biomass production.
The finding proves the potential of attractive and economically feasible mixed microalgae cultivation for high percentage nutrient removal and microalgal biomass production.
Rice tungro disease (RTD) is a viral disease mainly affecting rice in Asia. RTD caused by
and
. To date, there are only 5 RTSV isolates have been reported.

In this study, we aimed to report the complete nucleotide sequence of Malaysian isolate of
Seberang Perai (RTSV-SP) for the first time. RTSV-SP was characterized and its evolutionary relationship with previously reported Indian and Philippines isolates were elucidated.

RTSV-SP isolate was isolated from a recent outbreak in a paddy field in Seberang Perai zone of Malaysia. Its complete genome was amplified by RT-PCR, cloned and sequenced.

Sequence analysis indicated that the genome of RTSV-SP consisted of 12,173 nucleotides (nt). Comparative analysis of 6 complete genome sequences using Clustal Omega showed that Seberang Perai isolate shared the highest nucleotide identity (96.04%) with Philippine-A isolate, except that the sORF-2 of RTSV-SP is shorter than RTSV Philippine-A by 27 amino acid residues. RTSV-SP found to cluster in Southeast Asia (SEA) group based on the whole genome sequence phylogenetic analysis using MEGA X software.

Phylogenetic classification of RTSV isolates based on the complete nucleotide sequences showed more distinctive clustering pattern with the addition of RTSV-SP whole genome to the available isolates. Present study described the isolation and molecular characterization of RTSV-SP.
Phylogenetic classification of RTSV isolates based on the complete nucleotide sequences showed more distinctive clustering pattern with the addition of RTSV-SP whole genome to the available isolates. Present study described the isolation and molecular characterization of RTSV-SP.
Reteplase, the recombinant form of tissue plasminogen activator, is a thrombolytic drug with outstanding characteristics, while demonstrating limited solubility and reduced plasminogen activation. Previously, we
designed a variant of Reteplase with positively supercharged surface, which showed promising stability, solubility and activity. This study was devoted to evaluation of the utility of supercharging technique for enhancing these characteristics in Reteplase.

To test the hypothesis that reinforced surface charge of a rationally-designed Reteplase variant will not compromise its stability, will increase its solubility, and will enhance its plasminogen cleavage activity.

Supercharged Reteplase coding sequence was cloned in pDest527 vector and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The expressed protein was extracted by cell disruption. Inclusion bodies were solubilized using guanidine hydrochloride, followed by dialysis for protein refolding. After confirmation with SDS-PAGE and western blotting, extracted proteins were assayed for solubility and tested for bioactivity.
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