Notes

Picturing along with analyzing mitochondrial cysteine by way of near-infrared fluorescence image within tissues, flesh and in vivo beneath hypoxia/reperfusion tension.
to the local sugarcane industry, the mode of transmission, cultivar resistance, and measures to control the disease should be investigated.Euphorbia tithymaloides L. (zig-zag plant) is a succulent, perennial shrub belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family and is widely cultivated in Malaysia for ornamental purposes and commercial values. In June 2019, typical symptoms of powdery mildew were observed on over 50% of the leaves of E. tithymaloides in a garden at Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang city of Selangor province, Malaysia. Initial symptoms included circular to irregular white powdery fungal colonies on both leaf surfaces and later covered the entire leaf surface. Severely infected leaves became necrotic, distorted and senesced. A voucher specimen Ma (PM001-Ma) was deposited in the Mycology laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, UPM. Microscopic observation showed hyphae hyaline, branched, thin-walled, smooth, 3 to 6 µm wide with nipple-shaped appressoria. Conidiophores were straight, measured 30 to 90 μm long × 8 to 12 μm wide and composed of a cylindrical foot cell, 50 to 75 μm long. Conidia formed in chains were hyaline, ellipsoid to oval withy mildew on E. tithymaloides could pose a serious threat to the health of this plant, resulting in death and premature senescence of young leaves.Cyst nematodes are ranked as the second most damaging plant-parasitic nematode genus of crops worldwide (Jones et al. 2013). The hop cyst nematode, Heterodera humuli, has been reported to cause up to 38% reduction in dry hops per bine (Hay and Pethybridge 2003). America is the top hop producing country worldwide, with 75% of production occurring in Washington state, with the majority of this production occurring in the Yakima Valley region (USDA, 2019). In late 2019, 30 soil samples from 15 different fields were collected from the hop cvs. HBC 394, HBC 369, and YCR 14. Nematodes were extracted using an adapted centrifugal floatation method (Jenkins 1964) from 100 cc subsamples of soil. Twenty of these samples contained at least one cyst and 23 contained at least one juvenile. Body length of juveniles (n = 5) averaged + standard deviation 377.62 ± 4.76 μm which is consistent with H. humuli juvenile body measurements (Sen 1968). Three samples from Yakima County and two from Benton County were identified to the the top four states for hop production Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Michigan (Cobb 1962; Sen and Jensen 1967; Hafez et al. 2010, Warner and Bird, 2015). In 1962, Cobb reported H. humuli in Pierce County, Washington, but it had not been reported in Benton County and Yakima County until now. This is a significant finding that has the potential to impact the Washington state hop industry, valued at $475.7 million in 2019 (USDA, 2019). Due to the lack of known effective nematode control measures, the discovery of H. humuli in the major hop-growing region of Washington warrants concern.Impatiens walleriana (Balsaminaceae), popularly known as Impatiens, is an African succulent and a popular ornamental plant worldwide (GBIF, 2019). In Brazil it is broadly grown indoors and outdoors, including in public parks of Curitiba, State of Paraná (Viezzer et al. 2018). In September 2018, I. walleriana plants showing typical downy mildew symptoms were observed in wastelands and gardens in Curitiba. The symptoms included adaxial chlorotic leaf spots with abundant white sporulation on abaxial side (Supplementary figure 1). The disease led to severe defoliation of the plants and the incidence of the plant disease varied from 20 to 80% of plants in an area ranging from 400 to 40,000 m2. A representative sample was deposited in herbarium of the Museu Botânico Municipal de Curitiba (MBM 331601). The following morphology was observed Sporangiophores (n = 30), hyaline, thin walled, emerging through stomata, 407.3 to 551.1 μm long, slightly swollen base, first branch at 165.8 to 324.7 μm from base, end branches ays at a photoperiod of 12 hours of light. For both tests, abundant sporulation was observedwith morphology equivalent to Plasmopara destructor described by Görg et al. (2017). No disease developed on control plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. destructor on I. selleck walleriana in Brazil (Farr and Rossman 2019, Silva et al. 2019) representing a potential loss to flower production and a reduction in flowering period in public gardens and parks.Burkholderia glumae causes panicle blight of rice (grain rot in Japan and Korea), and the severity of damage is increasing worldwide. During 2017 and 2018, 137 isolates of B. glumae were isolated from symptomatic grain rot of rice cultivated in paddy fields throughout South Korea. Genetic diversity of the isolates was determined using transposase-based PCR (Tnp-PCR) genomic fingerprinting. All 138 isolates, including the B. glumae BGR1 strain, produced toxoflavin in various amounts, and 17 isolates produced an unidentified purple or orange pigment on Luria-Bertani medium and casamino acid-peptone-glucose medium, respectively, at 28°C. Transposase-based PCR genomic fingerprinting was performed using a novel primer designed based on transposase (tnp) gene sequences located at the ends of the toxoflavin efflux transporter operon; this method provided reliable and reproducible results. Through Tnp-PCR genomic fingerprinting, the genetic groups of Korean B. glumae isolates were divided into 11 clusters and three divisions. The Korean B. glumae isolates were mainly grouped in division I (73%). Interestingly, most of the pigment-producing isolates were grouped in divisions II and III; of these, 10 were grouped in cluster VIII, which comprised 67% of this cluster. Results of a phylogenetic analysis based on tofI and hrpB gene sequences were consistent with classification by Tnp-PCR genomic fingerprinting. The BGR1 strain did not belong to any of the clusters, indicating that this strain does not exhibit the typical genetic representation of B. glumae. B. glumae isolates showed diversity in the use of carbon and nitrogen sources, but no correlation with genetic classification by PCR fingerprinting was found. This is the first study to analyze the geographical distribution and genetic diversity of Korean B. glumae isolates.
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