Notes

Implications involving whole genome copying pertaining to 2n pollen efficiency.
, chaperones that protect against cell freezing damage such as GroEL and Hsp20) were highly enriched in winter. By contrast, mRNA involved in central carbon and amino acid metabolisms had a greater abundance in summer. Among carbohydrate-active enzymes, transcripts of GH36 family (hemicellulases) were highly enriched in winter, while those encoding GH3 family (cellulases) showed increased abundance in summer. The seasonal differences in plant polymer breakdown were linked to a significantly greater microbial network complexity in winter than in summer. Conceptually, the winter-summer change in microbiome functioning can be well explained by a shift from stress-tolerator to high-yield life history strategy.Mountains are highly sensitive to climate change. Their elevated areas provide essential ecosystem services both for the surrounding mountainous regions and particularly for adjacent lowlands. Impacts of a warmer climate affect these services and have negative consequences on the supply of water, on biodiversity and on protection from natural hazards. this website Mountain social-ecological systems are affected by these changes, which also influence communities' risk perception and responses to changing climate conditions. Therefore, to understand individual and societal responses to climate change in mountain areas, aspects and drivers of risk perception need to be scrutinised. This article presents the findings of a literature review of recent English language publications on risk perception in connection to climate change and related natural hazards in mountain regions worldwide. Studies were selected from recorded entries in JSTOR, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science covering the period 2000-2019 and analysed inthe design of climate risk management strategies as well as on their successful implementation.Lolium multiflorum and Brassica juncea display phytoremediation potential for heavy metals and antibiotics pollution. However, there is limited understanding of their function in removing combined pollutants (heavy metals, antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)) under different cropping patterns. Sole cropping had little effect on heavy metals, but reduced antibiotics by 2.46%-84.88% and increased ARGs by 15.96%-33.82%. Intercropping was more beneficial to soil remediation and plant accumulation of L. multiflorum, and further increased the remediation of antibiotics by 2.38%-54.40%. Members of phyla (Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria) were mainly responsible for most antibiotics removal. Compared with sole cropping, intercropping reduced more ARGs abundance in rhizosphere soil for L. multiflorum (20.43%) and in bulk soil for B. juncea (23.22%). Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) played a significant role in the variation of ARGs. Further, sample type showed a higher indirect negative impact on ARGs by mainly affecting soil properties and bacterial community, and the co-occurrence between the bacterial community and ARGs in bulk soil was more complex than that in rhizosphere soil. Together these results suggest that phytoremediation of combined soil pollution was positive but limited, and intercropping resulted in enhanced removal efficiency when compared with sole cropping.The menace of plastic which is polluting the ocean has emerged as a global problem. It is well-known to everyone that the ultimate end for most of the plastic debris is the ocean. The distribution of plastic rubbish in the oceans is strongly influenced by hydrodynamic properties of water. The continuous break down of plastic objects, as a consequence of thermal, chemical and biological processes along with various environmental factors, results into microplastics (MPs). The microplastics are those particles which are deriving pallets of plastic, having length of less than 5 mm or 0.2 in. Nowadays microplastics are everywhere in the waters all around the world. The high dispersion pattern of oceanic currents takes away microplastics in the entire ocean even to remote areas, like the Polar Regions. Microplastics are difficult to remove from the ocean and the ingestion of these particles by several consumers of different trophic levels like benthos, birds, and fishes is a threat to the diverse food webs and ecosystems. Different scientific investigations have ascertained that a significant concentration of MPs are present in various marine ecosystems globally including the Polar region (both Arctic and Antarctic), and in the upcoming future, the condition is expected to get worse. The objective of this review is to establish a baseline evidence for the availability of microplastics in the polar region. For this reason, the state of the art of knowledge on microplastics in Polar Regions was studied.Concerns regarding high energy demand and gradual depletion of fossil fuels have attracted the desire of seeking renewable and sustainable alternatives. Similar to but better than the first- and second-generation biomass, algae derived third-generation biorefinery aims to generate value-added products by microbial cell factories and has a great potential due to its abundant, carbohydrate-rich and lignin-lacking properties. However, it is crucial to establish an efficient process with higher competitiveness over the current petroleum industry to effectively utilize algal resources. In this review, we summarize the recent technological advances in maximizing the bioavailability of different algal resources. Following an overview of approaches to enhancing the hydrolytic efficiency, we review prominent opportunities involved in microbial conversion into various value-added products including alcohols, organic acids, biogas and other potential industrial products, and also provide key challenges and trends for future insights into developing biorefineries of marine biomass.DNA methylation is a common method of gene expression regulation, and this form of regulation occurs in the neurodevelopmental disorder Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). Gene expression regulation via methylation is important for humans, although there is little understanding of the role of methylation in neuronal differentiation. We characterized the cellular differentiation potential of iPS cells derived from a patient with PWS with abnormal methylation (M-iPWS cells). A comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) array revealed that, unlike iPWS cells (deletion genes type), the abnormally methylated M-iPWS cells had no deletion in the15q11.2-q13 chromosome region. In addition, methylation-specific PCR showed that M-iPWS cells had strong methylation in CpG island of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide N (SNRPN) on both alleles. To assess the effect of abnormal methylation on cell differentiation, the M-iPWS and iPWS cells were induced to differentiate into embryoid bodies (EBs). The results suggest that iPWS and M-iPWS cells are defective at differentiation into ectoderm.
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