Notes

Triglycerides and low High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels predict cardiovascular disease chance throughout individuals with stable angina.
This paper presents a high-linearity high-resolution time-of-flight (ToF) linear-array digital image sensor using a time-domain negative feedback technique. A coarse ToF measurement loop uses a 5-bit digital-to-time converter (DTC) and a delayed gating-pulse generator for time-domain feedback to find the zero of the difference between ToF and the digital estimate of the gating-pulse delay while maintaining a constant operating point of the analog readout circuits. A fine ToF measurement uses a delta-sigma modulation (DSM) loop using the time-domain feedback with a bit-stream signal form. Because of the self-contained property of the DSM for low distortion and noise exploited by the oversampling signal processing, the proposed technique provides high-linearity and high-range resolution in the fine ToF measurement. A prototype ToF sensor of 16.8 × 16.8 μm2 two-tap pixels and fabricated in a 0.11 μm (1P4M) CMOS image sensors (CIS) process achieves +0.9%/-0.47% maximum nonlinearity error and a resolution of 0.24 mm (median) for the measurement range of 0-1.05 m. The ToF sensor produces an 11-bit fully digital output with a ToF measurement time of 22.4 ms.Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide and is characterised pathologically by the accumulation of amyloid beta and tau protein aggregates. Currently, there are no approved disease modifying therapies for clearance of either of these proteins from the brain of people with AD. As well as abnormalities in protein aggregation, other pathological changes are seen in this condition. The function of mitochondria in both the nervous system and rest of the body is altered early in this disease, and both amyloid and tau have detrimental effects on mitochondrial function. In this review article, we describe how the function and structure of mitochondria change in AD. This review summarises current imaging techniques that use surrogate markers of mitochondrial function in both research and clinical practice, but also how mitochondrial functions such as ATP production, calcium homeostasis, mitophagy and reactive oxygen species production are affected in AD mitochondria. The evidence reviewed suggests that the measurement of mitochondrial function may be developed into a future biomarker for early AD. Further work with larger cohorts of patients is needed before mitochondrial functional biomarkers are ready for clinical use.The human eye, the highly specialized organ of vision, is greatly influenced by oxidants of endogenous and exogenous origin. Oxidative stress affects all structures of the human eye with special emphasis on the ocular surface, the lens, the retina and its retinal pigment epithelium, which are considered natural barriers of antioxidant protection, contributing to the onset and/or progression of eye diseases. These ocular structures contain a complex antioxidant defense system slightly different along the eye depending on cell tissue. In addition to widely studied enzymatic antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, peroxiredoxins and selenoproteins, inter alia, metallothioneins (MTs) are considered antioxidant proteins of growing interest with further cell-mediated functions. This family of cysteine rich and low molecular mass proteins captures and neutralizes free radicals in a redox-dependent mechanism involving zinc binding and release. The state of the art of MTs, including the isoforms classification, the main functions described to date, the Zn-MT redox cycle as antioxidant defense system, and the antioxidant activity of Zn-MTs in the ocular surface, lens, retina and its retinal pigment epithelium, dependent on the number of occupied zinc-binding sites, will be comprehensively reviewed.The incidence of bacteremia caused by Enterococcus faecium, which is highly resistant to multiple antibiotics, is increasing in Japan. However, risk factors for the acquisition of E. faecium infection and mortality due to enterococcal bacteremia are not well known. We compared demographic, microbiological, and clinical characteristics using a Cox regression model and univariate analysis. We performed a multivariate analysis to identify risk factors for patients treated between 2014 and 2018. Forskolin Among 186 patients with enterococcal bacteremia, two groups included in the Kaplan-Meier analysis (E. faecalis (n = 88) and E. faecium (n = 94)) showed poor overall survival in the E. faecium group (HR 1.92; 95% confidence interval 1.01-3.66; p = 0.048). The median daily antibiotic cost per patient in the E. faecium group was significantly higher than that in the E. faecalis group ($23 ($13-$34) vs. $34 ($22-$58), p less then 0.001). E. faecium strains were more frequently identified with previous use of antipseudomonal penicillins (OR = 4.04, p less then 0.001) and carbapenems (OR = 3.33, p = 0.003). Bacteremia from an unknown source (OR = 2.79, p = 0.025) and acute kidney injury (OR = 4.51, p = 0.004) were associated with higher risks of 30-day mortality in patients with enterococcal bacteremia. Therefore, clinicians should provide improved medical management, with support from specialized teams such as those assisting antimicrobial stewardship programs.Microelectromechanical (MEMS) piezoelectric accelerometers are diversely used in consumer electronics and handheld devices due to their low power consumption as well as simple reading circuit and good dynamic performance. In this paper, a tri-axial piezoelectric accelerometer with folded beams is presented. The four beam suspensions are located at two sides of the mass aligned with edges of the mass, and the thickness of the beams is the same as the thickness of the mass block. In order to realize the multi-axis detection, a total of 16 sensing elements are distributed at the end of the folded beams. The structural deformations, stress distribution, and output characteristics due to the acceleration in x-, y-, and z-axis directions are theoretically analyzed and simulated. The proposed accelerometer is fabricated by MEMS processes to form Mo/AlN/ScAlN/Mo piezoelectric stacks as the sensing layer. Experiments show that the charge sensitivity along the x-, y-, and z-axes could reach up to ~1.07 pC/g, ~0.66 pC/g, and ~3.
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