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Acaricidal attributes associated with vetiver essential oil from Chrysopogon zizanioides (Poaceae) against the beat species Amblyomma cajennense as well as Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae).
We detected 277 species of bacteria among which, 99.09% were culturable and 0.91% were unculturable; and 80 fungal species among which, 33.72% were culturable and 66.28% were unculturable. Several unique bacterial genera to each country were observed, whereas no unique fungal genus was observed in kinema. Maximum coverage of sequencing depth was observed in all samples. Based on PCA plot, close relation was observed between samples of India and Nepal, whereas samples of Bhutan was clearly distinctive. Predictive functional features of bacterial and fungi related to metabolisms were inferred by the KEGG Orthology and MetaCyc databases, respectively.Starch, dextran, pectin and modified citrus pectin were subjected to intestinal digestion following InfoGest protocol and a rat small intestine extract (RSIE) treatment. Gastric stage did not show any modification in the structure of the carbohydrates, except for modified pectin. Regarding intestinal phases, starch was hydrolyzed by different ways, resulting in a complementary behavior between InfoGest and RSIE. Contrarily, digestion of dextran was only observed using RSIE. Similar situation occurred in the case of pectins with RSIE, obtaining a partial hydrolysis, especially in the modified citrus pectin. However, citrus pectin was the less prone to hydrolysis by enzymes. The results demonstrated that InfoGest method underestimates the significance of the carbohydrates hydrolysis at the small intestine, thus indicating that RSIE is a very reliable and useful method for a more realistic study of polysaccharides digestion.Okara oil is a by-product remaining from defatting okara, the solid residue generated after extracting the aqueous fraction of grounded soybeans in the elaboration of soy beverages. The goal of this work was to encapsulate the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum CIDCA 83114 into W/O emulsions composed of a block-copolymer constituted of pluronic® and acrylic acid (PPP12) and okara oil, prepared in microfluidic devices. For comparative purposes, alginate was also included as a second dispersed phase. Lactobacillus plantarum CIDCA 83114 was suspended in PPP12 or alginate giving rise to dispersed phases with different compositions, named I, II, III and IV. Controls were prepared by suspending microorganisms in water as dispersed phase. 6-carboxyfluorescein was added as bacterial marker in all the emulsions. The presence of green dyed bacteria in the dispersed phases, inside the droplets of the emulsions and the absence of fluorescence outside them, confirmed the complete encapsulation of bacteria in the dispersed er to protect probiotics from the gastric environment, enabling their release in the gut, with great potential for food or nutraceutical applications.The development of relevant predictive models for single-cell lag time and growth probability near growth limits is of critical importance for predicting pathogen behavior in foods. The classical methods for data acquisition in this field are based on turbidity measurements of culture media in microplate wells inoculated with approximately one bacterial cell per well. Yet, these methods are labour intensive and would benefit from higher throughput. In this study, we developed a quantitative experimental method using automated microscopy to determine the single-cell growth probability and lag time. The developed method consists of the use of direct cell observation with phase-contrast microscopy equipped with a 100× objective and a high-resolution device camera. The method is not a time-lapse method but is based on the observation of high numbers of colonies for a given time. Automation of image acquisition and image analysis was used to reach a high throughput. The single-cell growth probabilities and lag times of four strains of Listeria monocytogenes were determined at 4 °C. The microscopic method was shown to be a promising method for the determination of individual lag times and growth probability at the single-cell level.As the most toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) biosynthesis depends on a series of enzymatic reactions and a complicated regulatory system. Selleck LY411575 Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is one of stress associated phytohormones. In this study, MeJA could inhibit A. flavus growth and AFB1 production with a dose-dependent manner. SEM and TEM analysis indicated that morphological ultrastructure deteriorations were observed in A. flavus treated with MeJA. RNA-Seq indicated that the initial-steps aflatoxins (AFs) genes were no drastic difference, but the middle- and later- steps genes were significantly down-regulated, which might be due to the decreases of global regulators, especially AtfB. More importantly, two novel regulators (AFLA_085880 and AFLA_015850) were involved in the inhibition, and were recognized as the critically positive regulators for AFs productions. The two genes mutants also showed significantly decrease expressions of AFs cluster genes and AFs associated regulators, and subsequent AFB1 biosynthesis. This research partly clarified inhibitory mechanism of MeJA and made some contributions to the elimination of AFs contamination.This work aimed to study the effects of the competitive interaction among tea catechins, milk proteins, and digestive enzymes on protein digestibility, catechin bioaccessibility, and antioxidant activity by simulating in vitro digestion. The inhibitory effect of catechins on digestive enzymes was positively correlated with the binding affinity of catechins to digestive enzymes. The interaction between tea catechins and milk proteins or digestive enzymes resulted in the reduction of protein digestibility. The bioaccessibility of catechins and antioxidant activity of the milk tea beverage were reduced by protein-catechin interaction, but they increased via competition among proteins, catechins, and digestive enzymes. After the addition of β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and epicatechin (EC) bioaccessibility increased by 252.6%, 85.0%, and 37.0%, respectively. The addition of β-casein (β-CN) negatively affected EGCG and EGC bioaccessibility but significantly increased EC bioaccessibility.
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