Notes

Unsafe social procedures in the appointment place: Nederlander standard practitioners' opinions and also experiences.
Affect can influence judgments and decision-making in multiple ways. One way is through (a) integral affect, or affect related to the choice at hand, and another way is through (b) incidental affect, or affect unrelated to the choice at hand. Research suggests integral affect influences risk-related decision-making, especially in the context of risky choice framing. However, the role of affect in other forms of framing (e.g., attribute framing) has received little attention. We examined how integral affect (Study 1) along with incidental affect (Study 2) can alter perceptions of risk and likelihood to take hypothetical medications. Participants read pamphlets about medications with unique side effects presented as a gain (e.g., 86% of people who took this medication did not experience nausea) or loss (e.g., 14% of people who took this medication did experience nausea). Study 2 extended Study 1 by manipulating incidental affect through positive, neutral, and negative affective contexts to examine its impact on subsequent evaluations of framed information. Studies 1 and 2 measured positive and negative feelings about medications, risk perceptions, and likelihood of taking medications. Across both studies, gain-framed attributes led to more positive integral affect, subsequently increasing likelihood to take medications, whereas loss-framed attributes led to more negative feelings and increased perceived riskiness of medications. Study 2 found that positive affective contexts indirectly led to an increased likelihood to take medication by increasing positive feelings about the medications. Taken together, leveraging positivity through gain frames and positive contexts could improve adherence to medication plans. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).The present experiments employed an emotion misattribution procedure to investigate if, and to what extent, emotional pictures are automatically processed on an emotion-specific level. We employed emotional pictures from the International Affective Picture System (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 2008) depicting joy-, anger-, fear-, and sadness-related contents as prime stimuli in the four-category emotion misattribution procedure (Rohr, Degner, & Wentura, 2015). Pictures were presented briefly and masked to avoid intentional responding. The pattern of results across all experiments provides evidence for an unfolding of emotion specificity along with the degree of visibility of primes. When presentation duration allowed for relatively good prime visibility (40 ms; Experiment 1), we observed emotion-specific misattribution effects for each prime category. With shorter prime presentation reducing prime visibility (30 ms; Experiment 2a and 2b), misattribution effects became less specific While anger-related emotional scenes were clearly differentiated from fear and sadness-associated scenes, the latter two were not differentiated from one another. This pattern cannot be explained by simple semantic processing, but fits to an early appraisal of the coping ability associated with the emotion triggered by the pictorial content highlighting that specific, emotion-related processes are involved at the very early stages of emotional information processing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Pride is a complex construct, at times conceptualized positively (as a positive emotional reaction to a personal success) and at other times defined negatively (as exhibiting arrogant or conceited feelings and beliefs). Based on this dichotomy, Tracy and Robins (2007) proposed that pride consists of two facets authentic pride (AP) and hubristic pride (HP). For over a decade, researchers have used this two-facet model to investigate similarities and differences between AP and HP. The current work aims to synthesize this body of research by presenting findings from a meta-analysis of the association between AP and HP and a wide range of personality characteristics, mental health outcomes, social status constructs, and attributional tendencies. Comprised of 94 independent samples (N = 64,698) of predominantly North American adults, meta-analyses (both unweighted and weighted random effects models) were conducted for the relationship between AP and HP, and for each outcome variable separately, resulting in 103 total analyses (ks = 2-93). This project provides strong evidence that AP and HP are empirically distinct constructs (meta-analytic r = .13) that often align in opposite ways with personality and related variables, with AP exhibiting associations that suggest better psychological health than HP. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Much theory, research, and application regarding emotion is based on a set of basic emotions. But the question remains which emotions are in that set? One proposal is to expand the classic set of six with 12 new ones, each indicated by a facial expression purported to convey that one specific emotion universally. A series of studies offered as support for this proposal relied on presenting participants with the emotion label embedded in a story and then asking them to choose among four facial expressions or none. Here we critique that response procedure (used in various studies) as confounding emotion with story. Our Study 1 (N = 1,230 residents of the United States) found that the same response procedure could "show" that the facial expressions used in that previous research convey emotions other than the ones that had been proposed. Our Study 2 (N = 64 in India and N = 56 in China) found similar results with participants who speak non-Indo-European languages (Malayalam and Mandarin). Altogether, our results question whether the proposed set of new basic emotions is warranted, given problems in the response procedure in which an emotion is embedded in a story. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Research suggests that forcing participants to withhold responding for as brief as 600 ms eliminates one of the most reliable findings in prospective memory (PM) the cue focality effect. This result undermines the conventional view that controlled attentional monitoring processes support PM, and instead suggests that cue detection results from increased response thresholds that allow more time for PM information to accumulate. Given the significance of such findings, it is critical to examine the generalizability of the delay mechanism. Experiments 1-4 examined boundary conditions of the delay theory of PM, whereas Experiment 5 more directly tested contrasting theoretical predictions from monitoring theory (e.g., multiprocess framework) and delay theory. Using the same (Experiment 1) or conceptually similar (Experiment 2) delay procedure and identical cues (nonfocal "tor" intention) from the original study failed to show any influence of delay on performance. Using a different nonfocal intention (first letter "S") similarly did not influence performance (Experiment 3), and the difference between focal and nonfocal cue detection was never completely eliminated even with delays as long as 2,500 ms (Experiment 4). Experiment 5 did find the anticipated reduction in the focality effect with increased delays with a larger sample (n = 249). However, the focality effect was not moderated by attention control ability despite the fact that participants with impoverished attention control should benefit most from the delay procedure. These results suggest that any theory of PM that considers only a delay mechanism may not fully capture the dynamic attention processes that support cue detection. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Risky decisions are often characterized by (a) imprecision about consequences and their likelihoods that can be reduced by information collection, and by (b) unavoidable background risk. This article addresses both aspects by eliciting risk attitude, prudence, and temperance in decisions from description and decisions from experience. The results reveal a novel description-experience gap for prudence and replicate the known gap for risky decisions. While widespread prudence has been observed in decisions form description, we find no evidence of prudent decision making from experience. In decisions from experience people are strongly influenced by the sampled mean, while skewness plays a smaller role than in decisions from description. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
The social lives of individuals with psychiatric conditions are often characterized by isolation and a lack of meaningful engagement in communities of their choice. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a comprehensive and multidimensional measure of community participation for use in research, evaluation, and service provision.

We conducted this study in phases beginning with conceptual activities and culminating in the psychometric testing of the reliability and validity of the Inventory of Community Participation for individuals with Mental Health conditions (ICP-MH). Data were collected from a total of 301 participants using a variety of legacy and newly constructed items as well as a subscale using narrative vignettes, all designed to assess levels of community participation. Data were analyzed using both classical test and item response theory approaches.

Statistical analyses suggest excellent internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity. The novel approach of vignettes to dnfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3) is the most recent installment in the MMPI family of instruments. It contains a new scale, Self-Importance (SFI), which was designed to assess grandiosity. Although initial data in the MMPI-3 Technical Manual have been supportive of its construct validity, no published research studies have evaluated this scale to date. The current study examined the internal structure, criterion validity, and incremental validity of the SFI scale in a large sample (n = 645) of university students. The 10 SFI items loaded on one latent factor in a well-fitting model, and item response theory parameters indicated good information coverage across a broad range of the underlying construct. SFI scale scores correlated with several measures of narcissistic personality disorder and grandiose narcissism, but were weakly associated with vulnerable narcissism scales. The SFI scale scores also accounted for incremental variance in a range of criterion measures above and beyond scores of other MMPI-3 Specific Problems scales and the MMPI-3 Personality Psychopathology Five scales. The current finding supported the SFI scale as a distinct and complementary measure of grandiosity for the MMPI-3. USP25/28 inhibitor AZ1 (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).To date, the field has been unable to provide a definitive answer on which suicide risk assessment measure or set of measures is most useful in applied clinical settings. This study pits several psychometrically sound suicide risk assessment measures against one another, to determine which tool optimally assesses the likelihood of future suicide-related outcomes over a 3-month period, in a large sample of military personnel seeking and/or referred to services due to suicide risk concerns. The risk assessment measures were (a) Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale; (b) Self-Harm Behavior Questionnaire; (c) Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised; and (d) Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation. A total of 1,044 suicidal military service members completed baseline assessments, of whom 758 (72.6%) completed 3-month follow-up assessments. The data indicate that there is no best measure for suicide risk assessment and clinicians are therefore encouraged to select the measure, from among the four studied, for use in regular practice that best suits the demands of their setting.
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