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Ipod nano eye and electrochemical receptors along with biosensors for diagnosis regarding thin restorative directory drugs.
Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) inputs to farmland via fertilizer application are potential sources of C and N that influence soil acidification and water eutrophication. A pilot study was conducted to compare the effects of compound fertilizer and rapeseed cake organic fertilizer on C and N preservation in the soils and runoff of a tea plantation as well as the C and N isotopic fractionation in soils over the three annual cycles of fertilization and tea-leaf harvest. Overall, rapeseed cake organic fertilization effectively increased the pH, total organic matter, NH4-N and NO3-N in soils by 2.19-4.29%, 8.04-21.14%, 53.65-100.32% and 5.74-54.08%, respectively, but decreased NH4-N inputs in runoff by 10.36-25.12% and NO3-N inputs in runoff by 8.94-24.10% relative to the same rate of pure N in compound fertilizer. Before fertilization in February, the average δ13C and δ15N were -25.15‰ and 1.88‰, while after a full year of fertilization and tea-leaf harvesting in October, the average soil δ13C and δ15N contents were -23.83‰ and -0.33‰ after compound fertilization and -26.22‰ and 1.64‰ after rapeseed cake organic fertilization, respectively, indicating the evident effects of fertilization on the isotopic fractionation in soil. In addition, the fractionation extent was positively associated with the fertilization rates under both fertilizers. However, the two fertilization types had different effects on the C and N isotope fractionations, with rapeseed cake organic fertilization contributing more to δ13C (21.07-81.80%) but less to δ15N (18.20-78.93%) and compound fertilization presenting the opposite results (1.88-46.18% and 53.82-98.12%, respectively). This study demonstrates that rapeseed cake organic fertilization can better preserve soil C and N pools while reducing their runoff in tea plantations, which may greatly hinder the regional soil acidification and water eutrophication trends.Soil aggregate, as a basic component of soils, plays an important role in improving soil structure and enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. selleckchem The special soil properties induced by salinization, such as high ion concentrations (mainly Na+), shortage of organic material and bad condition of microbe, inhibit the formation and stability of soil aggregate. Therefore, it is important and meaningful to explore the dynamics of aggregate in salinized soils. Coastal wetland and inland salinized marsh wetland are important salinized ecosystems. We systematically summarized the progress and achievements on soil aggregate in salinized agriculture and wetland ecosystems. Agricultural practices, such as organic and/or inorganic soil amendment application, tillage practice, vegetation type, straw return and saline water irrigation, advance the formation and stability of aggregate and aggregate-associated organic carbon in salinized soils. We discussed the problems and deficiency in the present studies of aggregate and aggregate-associated carbon in salinized soils as well as the research aspects and hot topics in the future. This review would be helpful for comprehensively understanding the advances and development directions on aggregate in salinized soils.Hydrogen and formic acid have been considered as the intermediate electron transporters among microbes for a long time. In recent years, however, it has been found that direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) might be an alternative beyond hydrogen/formic acid to transfer electron among microbes. As a new way of electron transfer among microbes, the electron transfer efficiency of DIET is higher than that of traditional hydrogen/formate transfer. The discovery of DIET has changed the traditional understanding that the growth and metabolism of microbial syntrophism must rely on electron carriers such as hydrogen or formic acid, and also has opened a new perspective for the study of microbial interaction. Although great progress has been made in the study of DIET, in-depth studies are still lacking on the microbes that can form co-culture via DIET, the mechanism of DIET, and the factors affecting DIET. In this review, we summarized the microbes that can form DIET, the mechanism underlying the extracellular electron transfer of microbe acted as electron donor in DIET, as well as the mechanism underlying the extracellular electron transfer of microbe acted as electron acceptor in DIET. The effects of conductive materials on DIET were elaborated, and several research directions for DIET were proposed, with the aim to mitigate performance degradation and facilitate research and development in this area.In recent years, the research on the effects of urban road green space on local pollutant dispersion has been quite active, with mounting empirical results. Due to the lack of summary and arrangement, however, it is difficult to effectively guide the practice of urban green space construction. In this review, the road and green belt research objects were classified. Based on two common methods of field measurement and numerical simulation, the pollutant concentration index, vegetation characters and other influencing factors involved in relevant research were systematically reviewed. The effects of road green space on dispersion of local pollution were summarized. Future research should be strengthened in the aspects of expanding research objects, comprehensively considering multiple ecological processes, integrating two basic methods, and improving the accuracy and richness of data.The index of dominance (S), average crowding (X*), niche breadth (Bi), and niche overlap (Qik ) of dominant zooplankton species were calculated using data collected from four zooplankton surveys from May 2016 to February 2017 in Yueqing Bay, Zhejiang Province. The results showed that there were 17 dominant zooplankton species (with S＞0.02). The niche breadth values of those dominant species differed greatly and were positively correlated with S. The niche overlaps of zooplanktons were extremely low. The total amount of species pairs with niche overlap higher than 0.6 (Qik＞0.6) were 25 in Yueqing Bay, which represented 18.4% of the total pairs. Results from the redundancy analysis showed that the distribution of dominant zooplankton species was mainly affected by temperature and salinity, which caused ecological differentiation of zooplankton species.
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