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Refurbishment, conservation and also phytoplankton hysteresis.
Based on the porous internal structure, we also demonstrate some potential applications of the hydrogels for assembly of nanomaterials, such as Au nanorods for remote sensing system and model protein of insulin for drug controlled release. Moreover, the process proved to be versatile, allowing the use of most natural polymer including gelatin, alginate, and so on. Thus, coupling of such straightforward fabrication approach, multifunctionality and biodegradable prerequisite feature indicates great potential for use in the minimally invasive surgery. V.Small intestinal submucosa extracellular matrix (SIS-ECM) composite materials are catching eyes in tissue engineering but have been rarely studied in bone repair. In this study, we developed the unique bilayer bone scaffolds by assembling decellularized SIS-ECM and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanofibers through the electrospinning technique. To strengthen the bioactivity of the scaffolds, pifithrin-α (PFTα), a p53 inhibitor that can reduce the repressive function of p53 in osteogenesis, was preloaded in the PLGA electrospinning solution. We found that the resultant SIS-ECM/PLGA/PFTα scaffolds exhibited porous morphology, good biocompatibility, and enhanced osteoinductivity. Specifically, the SIS-ECM/PLGA/PFTα scaffolds could promote the osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of the preosteoblasts MC3T3-E1 in a PFTα does dependent manner in vitro. Furthermore, the SIS-ECM/PLGA/PFTα scaffolds were better than the pure SIS-ECM and SIS-ECM/PLGA scaffolds in terms of vessel and new bone tissue formation after 4 weeks post-implantation in vivo. These overall findings indicated that the bilayer PFTα loaded SIS-ECM/PLGA scaffolds facilitated vascularized bone regeneration, showing promising potential for bone tissue engineering. In this work, the microbial corrosion inside a perforation on an X52 pipeline steel was investigated in wet soil containing sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) by biotesting, electrochemical measurements, including open-circuit potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization, and surface analysis techniques such as 3D topographic imaging, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectrum. Results show that the further corrosion rate of the initial perforation on pipelines is not uniform along its depth direction, and the corrosion kinetics depends on the availability of microorganism such as SRB in the environment. In abiotic environments, the perforation close to the solution side corrodes more rapidly than that at the soil side. However, in SRB-containing environments, the corrosion kinetics is different, where the middle of perforation possesses the greatest corrosion rate, which is attributed to the microbially accelerated corrosion. There are generally more sessile SRB cell counts on the steel near the solution phase than that at the soil side. The corrosion of the perforation could be attributed to the high counts of sessile SRB cells and their starvation effect, making the SRB extract electrons directly from the steel. Single cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) enables data on interaction forces to be acquired during the very early adhesion phase. However, SCFS detachment forces and energies have not been compared so far with the forces and energies after maturation of the cell-material contact on a single cell level and with comparable time resolution. We used FluidFM® to physically attach single cells to the cantilever by aspiration through a microfluidic channel, in order to achieve the higher forces required for detaching maturely adhering cells. Combining these two approaches allowed us to compare cell adhesion in the initial and maturation phases of adhesion for two exemplary cell-substrate combinations - L929 fibroblasts on fibronectin and MC3T3 osteoblasts on collagen type I. Uncoated glass substrates were used as a reference. For both cell lines, SCFS measurements after contact times of 5, 15 and 30 s revealed significantly higher maximum detachment forces (MDFs) and energies on glass compared to the protein-coated surfaces in the 0.5-4 nN (1-40 fJ) range. FluidFM® measurements after 1, 2 and 3 days of culture revealed a significant absolute increase in the MDFs and detachment energies for both cell lines on protein-coated substrates to values of about 600 nN and 10 pJ. On glass, the MDFs were similar for MC3T3 cells, while they were significantly lower for L929 cells. LαPhosphatidylcholine For both cell types, the differences in detachment energy were significant. These differences underline the importance of investigating early and mature adhesion states to obtain a holistic assessment of the cell-material interactions. Ozone-biological activated carbon (O3-BAC) process has been proved to be an efficient and cost-effective technology in advanced treatment of drinking water. However, O3-BAC raises strict requirements in adsorption, hydrodynamic and regeneration performances, which one single activated carbon could hardly all-sided meet. Blending activated carbons seems to be an appropriate and economically feasible method to deal with the issue. Thus, the uniformity and stability of activated carbon blends during water treatment, especially in backwashing process are of great importance. In this paper, cyclic experiments of downward adsorption and upward backwash on 11 typical commercial granular coal-based activated carbons and their blends were carried out in column test. Hydrodynamic performances such as bed expansion rate and bed pressure drop were measured. The uniformity and stability of activated carbon blends were investigated by determining iodine number of samples collected from different heights of activated carbonar relationships can be accurately identified by the back-propagation neural network model. Forced-draft biomass stoves improve the pollutant emission performance of biomass combustion. The parameters of supply airflow and its distribution between primary air (PA) and secondary air (SA) have a significant effect on the performance of this stove type. In this study, we designed an air supply control system to accurately quantify the airflow rates, and monitored the dynamic emissions of focused pollutant species including carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM2.5), and the fuel burning rate. The tested stove had a combustion structure typical of many popular stoves, and wood pellets were the burning fuel. Three total airflow rates (92 L/min, 184 L/min, and 276 L/min) were selected, and six distributions between PA and SA (PASA) for each airflow rate were tested, which included 100 (full PA), 82, 64, 55, 46, and 28. The results showed that the test duration, burning rate, and pollutant (CO, NOx, and PM2.5) emission performances of different airflows or distributions varied.
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