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A pink to red-pigmented cryptophyte of undetermined taxonomic affinity was isolated and cloned from two seasonally ice-covered, meromictic, saline Antarctic aquatic environments, Bayly Bay (BB) and Ace Lake (AL). The clones shared a number of morphological and ultrastructural similarities with other cryptomonad genera which confounded identification by light and electron microscopy. Cellular pigments extracted from the AL clone showed an absorption maximum corresponding to the biliprotein Cr-phycoerythrin 545, thus narrowing its potential taxonomic affinities. Partial 18S SSU ribosomal gene sequences were isolated from both the AL and the BB cryptomonads' nuclear rDNA, PCR-amplified and their molecular phylogenies inferred from the subject sequences. Our results, and the results of another study that used our pre-published sequence data, invariably resolved both clones as very close matches with the Antarctic cryptophyte, Geminigera cryophila. When combined, the morphological, chemical and molecular evidence suggested both our cryptophyte clones were a cryptomorph of the G. cryophila campylomorph. Slight differences between the AL and BB nuclear tree reconstructions suggests divergent microevolution following long-term isolation of the AL population from the surrounding marine ecosystem. This study provides further compelling evidence that certain Cryptophyceae engage in a life-history strategy (dimorphism) which includes alternating morphologically distinct cell-types; cell-types that without molecular analyses could be mistaken as novel taxa. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.The developmental program by which plants respond is tightly controlled by a complex cascade in which photoreceptors perceive and transduce the light signals that drive signaling processes and direct the transcriptional reprogramming, yielding specific cellular responses. The molecular mechanisms involved in the transcriptional regulation include light-regulated nuclear localization (the phytochromes and UVR8) and nuclear accumulation (the cryptochrome, cry2) of photoreceptors. This regulatory cascade also includes master regulatory transcription factors (TFs) that bridge photoreceptor activation with chromatin remodeling and regulate the expression of numerous light-responsive genes. Light signaling-related TFs often function as signal convergence points in concert with TFs in other signaling pathways to integrate complex endogenous and environmental cues that help the plant adapt to the surrounding environment. Increasing evidence suggests that chromatin modifications play a critical role in regulating light-responsive gene expression and provide an additional layer of light signaling regulation. Here, we provide an overview of our current knowledge of the transcriptional regulatory network involved in the light response, particularly the roles of TFs and chromatin in regulating light-responsive gene expression. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.The uptake and conversion of a free-living cyanobacterium into a photosynthetic organelle by the single-celled Archaeplastida ancestor helped transform the biosphere from low to high oxygen. There are two documented, independent cases of plastid primary endosymbiosis. The first is the well-studied instance in Archaeplastida that occurred ca. 1.6 billion years ago, whereas the second occurred 90-140 million years ago establishing a permanent photosynthetic compartment (the chromatophore) in amoebae in the genus Paulinella. Here, we briefly summarize knowledge about plastid origin in the Archaeplastida and then focus on the Paulinella model. In particular, we describe features of the Paulinella chromatophore that make it a model for examining earlier events in the evolution of photosynthetic organelles. Our review stresses recently gained insights into the evolution of chromatophore and nuclear encoded DNA sequences in Paulinella, metabolic connectivity between the endosymbiont and cytoplasm, and systems that target proteins into the chromatophore. We also describe future work with Paulinella, and the potential rewards and challenges associated with developing further this model system. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), is now a global pandemic with serious health consequences. Currently, many strict control measures are applied in health care settings, including endoscopy units, in order to limit virus spread. Several recommendations called to limit endoscopic procedures to emergent endoscopies; however, several uncertainties still existing concerning patient safety, protective measures, and infection control methods in emergency endoscopic settings. In this case report, we present a case of successful endoscopic band ligation for bleeding esophageal varices in man with COVID-19 disease who presented with an acute attack of hematemesis while on mechanical ventilation (MV). Esophago- gastroduodenoscopy was performed in the ICU room after preparing the setting, and revealed large, risky esophageal varices. Endoscopic band ligation was done with successful control of bleeding. Third-level measures of medical protection were applied for the participating medical personnel, and patient monitoring was kept all through the procedure. find more After the procedure, the bleeding stopped, and the patient was vitally stable and conscious. We conclude that emergency endoscopic interventions could be performed safely with appropriate arrangements in patients with confirmed COVID-19 on mechanical ventilation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported that patients with Parkinsons' disease (PD) have a significantly lower risk of cancer. Studies reporting prevalence of skin cancers in Parkinson's disease mostly involve Caucasians. OBJECTIVE A nationwide population-based study was conducted to determine the risk of skin cancer in patients diagnosed with PD in Korea. METHODS Data obtained from National Health Insurance Claims records were used to retrieve information about 70780 patients with newly diagnosed PD between January 2010 and December 2015. The control group included 353900 sex and age-matched patients without PD. In this nationwide population-based cohort study, we investigated the association between PD and skin cancer. RESULTS The overall Hazard ratio (HR) of skin cancers in patients with PD was 1.169 (95% CI, 1.005-1.359) compared with Non-PD group. Among patients with PD, males aged above 65 had a 2.8-fold increase in the risk for melanoma development than the non-PD group (HR, 2.825; 95% CI, 1.395-5.721).
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