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Tranexamic acid as opposed to fraxel carbon dioxide lazer throughout post-acne hyperpigmentation.
57, and a working distance of 3.5 µm. With the assistance of a scanning process, larger-area imaging is realized. The PCM objective can be easily adapted to existing microscope systems and is appealing for commercialization.The majority of optical lenses have spherical surface profiles because they are convenient to fabricate. Replacing spherical optics with aspheric optics leads to smaller size, lighter weight, and less complicated optical systems with a superior imaging quality. However, fabrication of aspheric lenses is expensive and time-consuming. Here, we introduce a straightforward and low-cost casting method to fabricate polymeric aspheric lenses. An elastomeric ferrogel was formed into an aspherical profile by using a designed magnetic field and then was used as a mold. Different types of aspherical profiles from parabola to hyperbola can be formed with this method by tuning the magnetic field. A home-built Shack-Hartmann sensor was employed to characterize the cast polymeric lenses. The effects of magnetic field intensity, gradient of the magnetic field, and magnetic susceptibility of the ferrogel on the lens profiles were investigated. This technique can be used for rapid-forming polymeric aspherical lenses with different sizes and shapes.The far-field diffraction pattern (FFDP) of a corner cube retroreflector (CCR) determines the energy of a retroreflecting beam in some applications including laser ranging, optical communication, and satellite orbit calibration. The FFDP of an imperfect CCR is investigated analytically for the non-normal incidence of a polarized light beam. We first derive a complex amplitude of a retroreflecting beam in relation with multiple parameters including the errors of dihedral angle, flatness in a CCR, and polarization property of the CCR. Then a theoretical expression of the FFDP for a nonideal CCR is deduced as a function of multiple parameters by introducing the complex amplitude into a simplified Kirchhoff's diffraction equation. Some numerically simulated results of the FFDP are presented to give a visual illustration of the relationship between the FFDP and these parameters. Our findings suggest that a strong correlation between the FFDPs and multiple factors comprising the manufacturing errors, the polarization states, and the incident angles of the input beam as well as whether the reflecting faces of the CCR are coated or not. The FFDPs can be efficiently controlled by allocating the magnitudes of these factors. Moreover, experimental verification of the FFDP is also developed for a nonideal CCR coated with silver film on the reflecting faces at a non-normal incidence. The proposed mathematical model potentially offers beneficial ingredients towards optimizing design of a CCR by considering both the manufacturing errors and incident conditions of the input beam.An electro-optically (EO) $Q$Q-switched TmYAP laser with high peak power was demonstrated based on a $rm La_3rm Ga_5rm SiO_14$La3Ga5SiO14 (LGS) crystal. The EO modulator was operated in a pulse-on mode driven by a 1/4 wave voltage of 2400 V, which was the lowest voltage designed for LGS-based EO modulators at 2 µm, to the best of our knowledge. At a repetition rate of 200 Hz, a maximum single-pulse energy of 3.15 mJ was obtained with a minimum pulse duration of 17 ns, corresponding to a peak power as high as 185.3 kW.Spectral broadening due to amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in a fiber amplifier is experimentally and theoretically investigated in this paper. check details By measuring and analyzing the variation in linewidth and noise of the fiber amplifier, the influence of ASE on laser linewidth is studied. The analysis shows that the ASE will cause broadening of the laser linewidth as noise, and the noise is introduced as an additive term rather than a multiplicative one.We present a power-scalable high-power single-frequency continuous-wave 1342 nm master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) system that consists of a polarized single-frequency 1342 nm LD seed laser, a Raman fiber preamplifier, and a three-stage $rm Ndrm YVO_4$NdYVO4 power amplifier. The single-frequency output power of 30 W at 1342 nm is achieved with the beam quality factors $rm M^2 = 1.26$M2=1.26, and the power stability for 1 h is better than $pm ;0.5% $±0.5%.Rigorous solution of plane-wave scattering by a groove based on electromagnetic theory will be time-consuming if the groove width is much larger than the illumination wavelength. To accelerate the computation, an approach based on geometrical optics approximation is developed here. The incident beam is split into several parts during reflection and refraction. Contribution of every part is superposed to obtain the electric field at the interface between the groove and air, with which diffraction theory is utilized to calculate the far-field scattered light. Results demonstrate that the approach is capable of accurately calculating plane-wave scattering by rectangular grooves with large widths in a time-efficient manner, which can be beneficial for further inverse scattering problems.In this paper, the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment (ASTE) is presented. A 10-m aperture telescope hosts a camera equipped with a transition edge sensor (TES). We developed a fore-optics module-"APol," to convert the 271 pixels of the TES working at 350 GHz into a sensitive imaging polarimeter without sacrificing the image quality and the $7.5^prime$7.5' field of view. Here, we describe the detailed optical design of APol and present the results of the preliminary test in a laboratory.This publisher's note corrects an equation in Appl. Opt.59, C63 (2020).APOPAI0003-693510.1364/AO.378512.This publisher's note amends the author affiliations in Appl. Opt.59, D1 (2020)APOPAI0003-693510.1364/AO.59.0000D1.We present a simple and precise method to minimize aberrations of mirror-based, wavelength-dispersive spectrometers for the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and soft x-ray domain. The concept enables an enhanced resolving power $ E/Delta E $E/ΔE, in particular, close to the diffraction limit over a spectral band of a few percent around the design energy of the instrument. Our optical element, the "diffractive wavefront corrector" (DWC), is individually shaped to the form and figure error of the mirror profile and might be written directly with a laser on a plane and even strongly curved substrates. Theory and simulations of various configurations, like Hettrick-Underwood or compact, highly efficient all-in-one setups for $ rm TiO_2 $TiO2 spectroscopy with $ E/Delta E mathbinlower.3exhbox$buildreldisplaystyleltoversmashdisplaystylesimvphantom_x$ 4.5 times 10^4 $E/ΔE∼x less then 4.5×104, are addressed, as well as aspects of their experimental realization.
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