Notes

Immune Answers within Malaria and also Vaccine Techniques.
This study will facilitate the better understanding of the milRNA regulation associated with sclerotial development in S. sclerotiorum and even other sclerotia-forming fungi. This work will provide novel insights into the molecular regulations of fungal morphogenesis and the candidate targets of milRNAs used for the sustainable management of plant diseases caused by S. sclerotiorum.Topic modeling refers to a suite of probabilistic algorithms for extracting popular topics from a collection of documents. WM-1119 manufacturer A common approach involves the use of the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) algorithm, and, although free implementations are available, their deployment in general requires a certain degree of programming expertise. This paper presents a user-friendly web-based application, specifically designed for the biomedical professional, that supports the entire process of topic modeling and comparative trends analysis of scientific literature. The application was evaluated for its efficacy and usability by intended users with no programming expertise (15 biomedical professionals). Results of evaluation showed a positive acceptance of system functionalities and an overall usability score of 76/100 in the System Usability Score (SUS) scale. This suggests that literature topic modeling can become more popular amongst biomedical professionals via the use of a user-friendly application that fully supports the entire workflow, thus opening new perspectives for literature review and scientific research.
"Near miss" events are valuable low-cost learning opportunities in radiation oncology as they do not result in patient harm and are more pervasive than adverse events that do. Near misses vary depending on the presence of a latent error of behavior or process, and the presence of an enabling condition predisposing the patient to harm. These nuanced distinctions across near miss types can elicit different cognitive biases affecting the recognition of near misses as learning opportunities. We define near miss types in radiation oncology and explore the differential perceptions among radiation oncology staff.

Six event types were defined based on attributes of latent error and enabling conditions "hit," "potential hit," "almost happened," "fortuitous catch," "could have happened," and "process-based catch." These events were illustrated with an example of a patient receiving pacemaker cardiac clearance before radiation treatment. A survey assessing (1) success versus failure of an event and (2) willingness to report the event was administered to a radiation oncology department using the pacemaker example. Mean scores for each near miss type were compared.

Ninety-five staff members (74%) completed the survey. Perceived success scores and willing-to-report scores significantly differed by near miss type (P = .042 for success ratings; P < .0001 for willingness to report). "Could have happened" events were viewed as less successful and were more likely to be reported than "almost happened" events (P < .0001).

Cognitive biases appear to influence whether and how near miss types are recognized as report-worthy. Education of near miss types and engaging staff for quality improvement may improve recognition.
Cognitive biases appear to influence whether and how near miss types are recognized as report-worthy. Education of near miss types and engaging staff for quality improvement may improve recognition.Interleukin (IL) -15 belongs to the common cytokine receptor γ chain (γC) family and has diverse functions in regulating the development, proliferation and activation of NK and T cells. It activates a hetero-trimeric receptor complex consisting of IL-2Rα, IL-2Rβ and a common γ chain (γC). In this study, the full-length cDNA sequences of IL-15 and IL-2Rβ were identified in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella, Ci) and their expression profiles analysed. The CiIL-15 and CiIL-2Rβ were shown to be broadly expressed in tissues, with the highest levels detected in the spleen. Moreover, the CiIL-15 and CiIL-2Rβ were modulated in primary head kidney leucocytes (HKLs) and splenocytes by immunostimulants and cytokines, and in the head kidney and spleen of fish after infection of Flavobacterium columnare and grass carp reovirus. The bioactivity of bacteria derived recombinant CiIL-15 protein was evaluated in the primary leucocytes. The CiIL-15 was shown to induce signature genes of type 1 immune response (IFN-γ and T-bet) and NK cell activation (perforin and Eomesa), whilst exhibiting inhibitory effects on the genes involved in the type 2 immune response (IL-4/13, IL-10 and Gata3). Our data suggest that IL-15 is a key regulator in promoting the type 1 immune response and NK cell activation in fish.In echinoderms, the immune system plays a relevant role in defense against infection by pathogens. Particularly, in sea urchins, the immune system has been shown to be complex, especially in terms of the variety of immune genes and molecules described. A key component of the response to external pathogens are the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are a well-characterized class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that participate in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Despite the fact that TLRs have been described in several sea urchin species, for the red sea urchin (Loxechinus albus), which is one of the most important sea urchins across the world in terms of fisheries, limited information on the TLR-mediated immune response exists. In the present study, for the first time, we evaluated the effect of thermal stress, LPS and poly IC treatment on the coelomocyte immune response of Loxechinus albus to determine how these factors modulate TLR and strongylocin (antimicrobial peptides of echinoderms) responses. We show that the tlr3-like, tlr4-like, tlr6-like and tlr8-like transcripts are modulated by poly IC, while LPS only modulates the tlr4-like response; there was no effect of temperature on TLR expression, as evaluated by RT-qPCR. Additionally, we showed that strongylocin-1 and strongylocin-2 are modulated in response to simulated viral infection with poly IC, providing the first evidence of strongylocin expression in L. albus. Finally, we determined that temperature and LPS modify the viability of coelomocytes, while poly IC treatment did not affect the viability of these cells. This study contributes to the knowledge of immune responses in sea urchins to improve the understanding of the role of TLRs and strongylocins in echinoderms.
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