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Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins along with their Remains while Noiseless Recommends associated with Atherosclerotic Coronary disease and Other Metabolic Disorders: A Review.
PURPOSE Due to distinct immuno- and neuro-modulatory properties, growing research interest focuses on exercise-induced alterations of the kynurenine (KYN) pathway in healthy and clinical populations. To date, knowledge about the impact of different acute strength exercise modalities on the KYN pathway is scarce. Therefore, we investigated the acute effects of hypertrophic (HYP) compared to maximal (MAX) strength loadings on the KYN pathway regulation. METHODS Blood samples of twelve healthy males (mean age and weight 23.5 ± 3.2 years; 77.5 ± 7.5 kg) were collected before (T0), immediately after (T1), and 1 h after completion (T2) of HYP (5 sets with 10 repetitions at 80% of 1RM) and MAX (15 sets with 1RM) loadings performed in a randomized cross-over design. Serum concentrations of tryptophan (TRP), KYN, kynurenic acid (KA), and quinolinic acid (QA) were assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS The KA/KYN ratio increased from T0 to T1 (p = 0.01) and decreased from T1 to T2 (p = 0.011) in HYP, while it was maintained within MAX. Compared to MAX, serum concentrations of KA were greater in HYP at T1 (p = 0.014). Moreover, the QA/KA ratio was significantly lower in HYP than in MAX at T1 (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Acute HYP loading led to increases in the metabolic flux yielding KA, thereby possibly promoting immunosuppression and neuroprotection. Our findings emphasize the potential of acute HYP exercise as short-term modulator of KYN pathway downstream to KA in healthy males and need to be proven in other samples.INTRODUCTION Low-flow mediated constriction (L-FMC) has emerged as a valuable and complementary measure of flow-mediated dilation (FMD) for assessing endothelial function non-invasively. High dietary sodium has been shown to impair FMD independent of changes in blood pressure (BP), but its effects on L-FMC are unknown. PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that high dietary sodium would attenuate brachial artery L-FMC in salt-resistant adults. METHODS Fifteen healthy, normotensive adults (29 ± 6 years) participated in a controlled feeding study. Following a run-in diet, participants completed a 7-day low sodium (LS; 20 mmol sodium/day) and 7-day high sodium (HS; 300 mmol sodium/day) diet in randomized order. On the last day of each diet, 24 h urine was collected and assessments of 24 h ambulatory BP and L-FMC were performed. Salt-resistance was defined as a change in 24 h ambulatory mean arterial pressure (MAP) between the LS and HS diets of ≤ 5 mmHg. Selleckchem Zeocin Resting vascular tone and L-FMC were calculated from ultrasound-derived arterial diameters. RESULTS High dietary sodium increased serum sodium and urinary sodium excretion (p  less then  0.001 for both), but 24 h MAP was unchanged (p = 0.16) by design. High dietary sodium augmented vascular tone (LS 91 ± 23%, HS 125 ± 56%, p = 0.01) and attenuated L-FMC (LS - 0.58 ± 0.99%, HS 0.17 ± 1.23%, p = 0.008). CONCLUSION These findings in salt-resistant adults provide additional evidence that dietary sodium has adverse vascular effects independent of changes in BP.PURPOSE This study aims to investigate the biomechanics of handcycling during a continuous load trial (CLT) to assess the mechanisms underlying fatigue in upper body exercise. METHODS Twelve able-bodied triathletes performed a 30-min CLT at a power output corresponding to lactate threshold in a racing recumbent handcycle mounted on a stationary ergometer. During the CLT, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), tangential crank kinetics, 3D joint kinematics, and muscular activity of ten muscles of the upper extremity and trunk were examined using motion capturing and surface electromyography. RESULTS During the CLT, spontaneously chosen cadence and RPE increased, whereas crank torque decreased. Rotational work was higher during the pull phase. Peripheral RPE was higher compared to central RPE. Joint range of motion decreased for elbow-flexion and radial-duction. Integrated EMG (iEMG) increased in the forearm flexors, forearm extensors, and M. deltoideus (Pars spinalis). An earlier onset of activation was found for M. deltoideus (Pars clavicularis), M. pectoralis major, M. rectus abdominis, M. biceps brachii, and the forearm flexors. CONCLUSION Fatigue-related alterations seem to apply analogously in handcycling and cycling. The most distal muscles are responsible for force transmission on the cranks and might thus suffer most from neuromuscular fatigue. The findings indicate that peripheral fatigue (at similar lactate values) is higher in handcycling compared to leg cycling, at least for inexperienced participants. An increase in cadence might delay peripheral fatigue by a reduced vascular occlusion. We assume that the gap between peripheral and central fatigue can be reduced by sport-specific endurance training.PURPOSE Both geomagnetic and solar activity fluctuate over time and have been proposed to affect human physiology. Heart rate variability (HRV) has substantial health implications regarding the ability to adapt to stressors and has been shown to be altered in many cardiovascular and neurological disorders. Intriguingly, previous work found significant, strong correlations between HRV and geomagnetic/solar activity. The purpose of this study to replicate these findings. We simultaneously measured HRV during a 30-day period. METHODS We recruited 20 healthy participants and measured their HRV for a 30-day period. We also collected geomagnetic and solar activity during this period for investigating their relationship with the HRV data. RESULTS In agreement with previous work, we found several significant correlations between short-term HRV and geophysical time-series. However, after correction for autocorrelation, which is inherent in time-series, the only significant results were an increase in very low frequency during higher local geomagnetic activity and a geomagnetic anticipatory decrease in heart rate a day before the higher global geomagnetic activity. Both correlations were very low. The loss of most significant effects after this correction suggests that previous findings may be a result of autocorrelation. A further note of caution is required since our and the previous studies in the field do not correct for multiple comparisons given the exploratory analysis strategy. CONCLUSION We thus conclude that the effects of geomagnetic and solar activity are (if present) most likely of very small effect size and we question the validity of the previous studies given the methodological concerns we have uncovered with our work.
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