Notes

For the Usage of Connection Entropy along with Related Techniques to Estimation Holding Entropies.
The ulnar nerve (UN), a terminal branch of the medial cord of the brachial plexus, is located posteromedial to brachial artery coursing along medially in the arm from the anterior to the posterior compartment through the arcade of Struthers. It passes posterior to medial epicondyle of humerus and enters the cubital tunnel. Then, it exits through the distal part of the cubital fossa to enter the medial side of the forearm between the two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle underneath Osborne's ligament to enter the anterior compartment of the forearm. Entrapment of the UN at the cubital tunnel results in a pain and a tingling sensation on the medial side of the forearm and fourth and fifth digits.

This foetal study documented the course of the UN within the cubital tunnel and its anatomical relations utilising bilateral microscopic dissection of 25 foetuses (gestational age 19-36 weeks).

The UN followed the standard anatomical course in 96% (48/50) of the specimens, however it was found to lie deep .
The purpose of this study was to examine the existence of correlation between the morphometric parameters of the intercondylar notch of the femur and the occurrence of meniscofemoral ligaments (MFLs) and if there is any relationship in the running angle (RA) value between narrowed and normal sized intercondylar notch.

Coronal, sagittal and horizontal magnetic resonance (MR) images of 90 patients with specified exclusion criteria were included in this study. The c2 test was used for statistical analysis. click here In our research either one or both MFLs were identified in 70 (77.8%) of the 90 coronal MR images. In normal sized intercondylar notch, MFLs was seen in 39 (43.3%) cases and on 31 (34.4%) MR images with narrowed intercondylar notch.

A significant correlation was established between the occurrence of the MFL and morphometric parameters of the intercondylar notch (p < 0.05). In normal sized intercondylar notch, 12 posterior meniscofemoral ligaments (pMFLs) of type I were detected (RA value 42°), 8 of type II (RA value 33°), 5 of type III (RA value 23°) and two were of indeterminate type, whilst 10 anterior meniscofemoral ligaments (aMFLs) were of type I (RA value 39°), 7 of type II (RA value 31°), 2 of type III (RA value 25°) and the remaining 6 were indeterminate. In narrowed intercondylar notch, 10 ligaments of pMFLs were of type I (RA value 30°), 8 of type II (RA value 25°), 5 of type III (RA value 20°), 10 ligaments of aMFLs were of type I (RA value 35°) and 9 were indeterminate. Statistically significant differences in the value of the running angle of pMFL type I and of type II were evaluated between two groups with different shaped intercondylar notch (p < 0.05).

The results shown in our study may be useful in medical clinical practice, reconstructive surgery, interpretation of knee MR images as well as genetic research.
The results shown in our study may be useful in medical clinical practice, reconstructive surgery, interpretation of knee MR images as well as genetic research.
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) represents a clinical condition caused by compression of the neurovascular structures that cross the thoracic outlet. TOS can be classified in 1) neurogenic TOS (NTOS), 2) venous TOS (VTOS), 3) arterial TOS (ATOS). Many different causes can determine the syndrome congenital malformations, traumas, and functional impairments.

This manuscript reviews how the congenital malformations play an important role in adult age; however, TOS also affects patients of all ages.

Radiological imaging like X-ray (radiography), magnetic resonance and computed tomography can provide useful information to assess TOS causes and decide a potential surgery. 79% of the patients included in the first two stages of nerve, artery, vein (NAV) staging experienced excellent results with kinesiotherapy; whereas patients included in the third and fourth stage of NAV staging were subject to surgery.

The treatment of acute forms of TOS involves thrombolysis and anticoagulant therapy; surgery is appropriate for true NTOS, vascular TOS and in some cases when conservative treatment fails.
The treatment of acute forms of TOS involves thrombolysis and anticoagulant therapy; surgery is appropriate for true NTOS, vascular TOS and in some cases when conservative treatment fails.
The triticeal cartilage can be found in the lateral thyrohyoid ligament. The triticeal cartilage may exist in different shapes and locations, may be present unilaterally or bilaterally, or absent. The study aims to determine the prevalence, distribution, level, shape, and the degree of ossification of the triticeal cartilage by using three-dimensional computed tomography angiography (CTA).

Computed tomography angiography images of 1450 patients (785 women and 665 men), obtained in the period from 1 January 2017 to 30 September 2019, were evaluated retrospectively. Any unilateral or bilateral presence or the absence of triticeal cartilage was recorded with its anatomical level, shape, and degree of ossification.

At least one triticeal cartilage was found in the CTA images of 57.4% (833 out of 1450) patients. The prevalence was 51.3% in women (403 out of 785) and 64.7% in men (430 out of 665). Bilateral triticeal cartilages were more common compared to unilateral ones. Ossification was most commonly mild iticeal cartilage with its distribution, intervertebral disc levels of location, shapes, and ossification degrees.
Transcatheter left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) is performed either in conscious sedation (CS) or general anesthesia (GA), and limited data exist regarding clinical outcomes for the two approaches. The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of CS versus GA on acute outcomes in a large patient cohort undergoing LAAC with a Watchman occluder.

A cohort of 521 consecutive patients underwent LAAC with Watchman occluders at two centers (REGIOMED hospitals, Germany) between 2012 and 2018. One site performed 303 consecutive LAAC procedures in GA, and the other site performed 218 consecutive procedures in CS. The safety endpoint was a composite of major periprocedural complications and postoperative pneumonia. The efficacy endpoint was defined as device success.

After a 11 propensity score matching, 196 (CS) vs. 115 (GA) patients could be compared. In 5 (2.6%) cases CS was converted to GA. The primary safety endpoint (3.5% [CS] vs. 7.0% [GA], p = 0.18) and its components (major periprocedural complications 2.
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