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To facilitate long-term storage of these larger quantities of particles, we investigated six lyoprotectants and determined that sucrose is the most compatible with the current system. Lastly, we demonstrate that these changes to the manufacturing method do not adversely affect the swelling functionality of the particles, their highly specific localization to tumors, their non-toxicity in vivo or their efficacy in treating established intraperitoneal mesothelioma xenografts.Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) based diffusion methods open new perspectives for nanomedicine characterization and their bioenvironment interaction understanding. This review summarizes the theoretical background of diffusion phenomena. Self-diffusion and mutual diffusion coefficient notions are featured. Principles, advantages, drawbacks, and key challenges of NMR diffusometry spectroscopic and imaging methods are presented. This review article also gives an overview of representative applicative works to the nanomedicine field that can contribute to elucidate important issues. Examples of in vitro characterizations such as identification of formulated species, process monitoring, drug release follow-up, nanomedicine interactions with biological barriers are presented as well as possible transpositions for studying in vivo nanomedicine fate.In the Southern Asian countries, snakebite takes a substantial toll in terms of human life, inflicts acute morbidity and long term disability both physical and psychological, and therefore represents a neglected socio-economic problem and severe health issue that requires immediate medical attention. The 'Big Four' venomous snakes, viz. Daboia russelii, Naja naja, Bungarus caeruleus and Echis carinatus, are prominent, medically important species and are the most dangerous snakes of this region; therefore, the commercial polyvalent antivenom (PAV) contains antibodies against the venoms of these snakes. However, envenomations by species other than the 'Big Four' snakes are grossly neglected, and PAV is only partially effective in neutralizing the venom of these snakes. Many issues confounding effective treatment of snakebite are discussed in this review, and these hurdles preventing successful treatment of snakebite must be addressed. However, in South Asian countries, the pre-hospital treatment and appropriate first aid are equally important to mitigate the problem of snakebite and therefore, these issues are also highlighted here. Further, this review suggests a roadmap and guidelines for the prevention of snakebite and improvement of hospital management of snakebite in these Southern Asian countries.Aflatoxins (AFs) are one of the most harmful carcinogenic natural toxins that affect food. Crops containing reasonably high oil content may be affected by Aspergillus species and consequently by AF contamination. In this study, a proposed testing method for AF detection in oilseed was developed, validated, and used for a market survey to assess the probabilistic risk exposure caused by consuming contaminated oilseeds including corn, sunflower seed, and soybean. The test method was optimized for selective extraction and then validated for fitness of purpose; the limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.2, 0.4, 0.2, and 0.2 μg kg-1 for aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), and aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), respectively. The method was linear from the LOQs up to 20 μg kg-1, and its budget of measurement uncertainties were estimated at 25, 24, 26, and 30 for AFG1, AFB1, AFG2, and AFB2, respectively. The contamination levels were from 10,000 body weight (BW) day-1, respectively. The main finding of the present study highlights the possibility of some risk of AF exposure from corn consumption, which may represent a health concern.The first reported snakebite by an African snake-eater, Polemon spp. (Atractaspididae, Aparallactinae); Local envenoming by Reinhardt's snake-eater, Polemon acanthias (Reinhardt, 1860). Toxicon XX, xxx. A 51-yr-old male herpetologist was bitten on the left index finger by a captive male Polemon acanthias while manually removing fragments of incompletely shed skin from the specimen. The snake sustained its bite for approximately 2 mins, advancing its jaws several times. The victim rapidly developed moderate pain, erythema, progressive edema that ultimately extended to the left wrist; a blister later developed in the wound site, as well as joint stiffness in the bitten and adjacent two fingers that limited flexion and extension. These effects regressed during the week following the bite, but recurred thereafter and were similar to the effects that developed immediately post-envenoming. There were no systemic signs or symptoms. The victim sought medical advice and was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, antihistamines and wound care; no laboratory investigations were conducted. He improved during the subsequent month with complete resolution in 5 and one-half weeks. This is the first documented bite by a Polemon spp. and the victim's clinical course suggests the development of local effects from venom components. The phylogenetic relationship of Polemon spp. with the burrowing asps (Atractaspis spp.) and the similarity of some of the features of this local envenoming by P. acanthias with mild/moderate envenoming by some Atractaspis spp., suggests that none of these snakes should be handled; they should be considered capable of inflicting potentially serious envenoming.Acute lung injury (ALI) is a diffuse lung dysfunction disease characterized by high prevalence and high mortality. Thus far, no effective pharmacological treatment has been made for ALI in clinics. this website Inflammation is critical to the development of ALI. Therefore, anti-inflammation may be a potential therapy strategy for ALI. Indazole-containing derivatives, representing one of the most important heterocycles in drug molecules, are endowed with a broad range of biological properties, such as anti-cancer and anti-inflammation. In the current study, we investigated the biological effects of Cyy-272, a newly synthesized indazole compound, on LPS-induced ALI both in vivo and in vitro. Results show that Cyy-272 can inhibit the release of inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated macrophage and alleviate LPS induced ALI. Further experiment revealed that Cyy-272 exhibit anti-inflammation activity by inhibiting JNK phosphorylation. Overall, our studies show that an indazole derivative, Cyy-272, is effective in suppressing LPS-induced JNK activation and inflammatory signaling.
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