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Efforts to use satellites to monitor the condition and productivity of crops, although extensive, can be challenging to operationalize at field scales in part due to low frequency revisit of higher resolution space-based sensors, in the context of an actively growing crop canopy. The presence of clouds and cloud shadows further impedes the exploitation of high resolution optical sensors for operational monitoring of crop development. The objective of this research was to present an option to facilitate greater temporal observing opportunities to monitor the accumulation of corn biomass, by integrating biomass products from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and optical satellite sensors. To accomplish this integration, a transfer function was developed using a Neural Network algorithm to relate estimated corn biomass from SAR to that estimated from optical data. With this approach, end users can exploit biomass products to monitor corn development, regardless of the source of satellite data.•The Water Cloud Model (WCM) was calibrated or parametrized for horizontal transmit and horizontal received (HH) and horizontal transmit and vertical received (HV) C-band SAR backscatter using a least square algorithm.•Biomass and volumetric soil moisture were estimated from dual-polarized RADARSAT-2 images without any ancillary input data.•A feed forward backpropagation Neural Network algorithm was trained as a transfer function between the biomass estimates from RADARSAT-2 and the biomass estimates from RapidEye. © 2020 The Authors.We undertook 87Sr/86Sr analyses for a range of carbonate bearing geological reference materials, and combined these with δ26Mg for a subset of samples. Following chemical purification in a series of chromatographic extractions, isotope ratios were measured by Multi-Collector-ICP-MS using a Plasma II (Nu instruments, Wrexham, UK). To validate efficient sample digestion procedures of carbonate fractions, total samples were treated with either 3 mol l-1 HNO3 and 0.5 mol l-1 HCl, respectively. Results of both leaching procedures are identical within reproducibility. Reference values for SRM 88A (formerly NBS 88A), SRM 1B (formerly NBS 1B), SARM 40, SARM 43, JDo-1, JLs-1, and San Carlos olivine range from 0.70292 to 0.73724 in 87Sr/86Sr and from -2.80 to -0.41 ‰ for δ26Mg, respectively. This set of geological reference materials can be used for sedimentary rock material with different carbonate mineral and matrix composition as quality control measurements of combined stable Mg and radiogenic Sr isotope analyses.•We present a protocol that facilitates the chemical separation of Mg and Sr in carbonate bearing geological reference materials including 87Sr/86Sr and δ26Mg of certified reference materials. © 2020 The Author(s).Hemoglobin derivatives are often quantified in blood to establish cardio-respiratory status and possible causes of impaired oxygen transport. learn more The derivative known as methemoglobin results from oxidation of hemoglobin and is pathologically relevant because it cannot transport oxygen. In species and individuals possessing unstable methemoglobin, methemoglobin formation leads to rapid hemichrome formation and precipitation. Oxidizing reagents in standard methemoglobin analysis techniques therefore prevent accurate quantification of hemoglobin oxidative degradation products in species possessing unstable hemoglobin. In this study, we demonstrated that individual coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) possess unstable methemoglobin. Because molar absorptivities of coho methemoglobin, hemichrome and carboxyhemoglobin were significantly different from humans, the use of previous standard methods leads to an overestimation of methemoglobin in coho. Spontaneous conversion of methemoglobin to hemichrome was also demonstrated in Chinook (O. tshawytscha), pink (O. gorbuscha) and chum salmon (O. keta), but not steelhead (O. mykiss), indicating there may be a frequent need to account for unstable hemoglobin when quantifying methemoglobin in salmonids.•Our method builds upon multi-component analysis (MCA) by using a multivariate modeling technique to derive the coho-specific molar absorptivities of major hemoglobin derivatives•This approach fills a current need for the accurate quantification of methemoglobin in fishes possessing unstable hemoglobin. © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.A spectral reflectance curve for a coloured surface can be constructed from a set of radiation reflectance value measurements made across the spectrum at discrete wavelengths. The curve gives an indication of the pattern of light entering the eye of an organism viewing an illuminated object. Marker points represent the positions along a reflectance curve at which sharp transitions in reflectance occur, these being potentially important to visual perception, for instance by insects discriminating between two flowers, each of a different colour. Consequently, methods of marker point analysis have been applied in several studies evaluating flower colours. These studies have sometimes required researchers to place marker points on reflectance curves by eye, or they have used algorithms written as unreleased software. To automate the process systematically and provide open access, we implemented special-purpose software in C++. Below we provide a summary of the approach adopted in our implementation and made available online in a port to TypeScript. The main benefits of our method are summarized as being•Automation and repeatability.•Standardisation, cross-platform compatibility and Open Access.•Interactive exploration of the effects of parameter variation. © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.Reconstructing Quaternary regional glaciations throughout the Himalaya, Tibet, and the adjoining mountains in Central Asia is challenging due to geological biases towards limited preservation of glacial deposits and chronological uncertainties. Here, we offer several statistical and mathematical model codes in R, in excel, and in MATLAB useful to develop regional glacial chronostratigraphies, especially in areas with distinct orographically-modulated climate. A complete R code is provided to generate a regional climate map using Cluster Analysis (CA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Additional R codes include reduced chi-squared, Chauvenet's criterion, radial plotter/abanico plot, finite mixture model, and Student's t-test. These methods are useful in reconstructing the timing of local and regional glacial chronologies. An excel code to calculate equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) and steps to reconstruct glacier hypsometry are also made available to further aid to our understanding of the extent of paleoglaciations.
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