Notes

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Comparison of Inpatients in Child Psychiatry in Rostock Between 1960 and 2015 Since its beginnings, child psychiatry has been subject to permanent change due to social changes and thus different expectations of the field, developments in diagnostics, therapy and the respective classification systems. After 1949 Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) underwent an independent and somatically oriented development. Although assumed that there was systematic injustice in inpatient facilities of child psychiatry in the GDR, no study from this period has been published to our knowledge up to now. The work presented here begins to close this gap by comparing data from 1960 with current data (2015) of the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department at the Rostock Medical Center. Significant differences between results from 1960 and 2015 indicate a currently higher number of admissions, only half the length of stay, an alignment in the gender ratio, a trend towards adolescent patients, a shift away from the 1960 dominant intelligence impairment towards behavioural and emotional disorders, a higher proportion of children and adolescents treated with drugs, and more specialist follow-up treatments after the inpatient stay in 2015. We found no evidence of forced medication in 1960. The discussion also addresses the danger of a solitary development of child psychiatry away from a medical to a more social psychiatric, educational and therapeutic subject.
Metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1), one of the prognostic markers for colonic and other tumours was noted to be overexpressed in retinoblastoma (Rb) Y79 cancer stem cells. This prompted us to evaluate its expression in primary Rb tumour and serum samples with clinicopathologic correlation. The interacting partner, c-MET was also evaluated in primary tumour tissues to explore the activation of MACC1 signaling.

This study was done following institutional review board approval from participating institutes. Semiquantitative gene expression for
was evaluated using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections and unfixed tumour samples from primary Rb cases (
 = 44). Immunolocalization for MACC1 was assessed in primary Rb tumours (
 = 22), bone marrow aspirates with metastasis (
 = 3), and c-MET expression was also assessed in Rb tumours (
 = 17). Serum MACC1 levels were analysed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in samples collected from Rb patients undergoing enucleation (
 = 31), Rb sion. However, the current data do not support it to be a clinical prognostic marker in retinoblastoma tumours. The inverse serum expression is an intriguing finding, which warrants further studies especially in retinoblastoma.
Overexpression of MACC1 and c-MET in retinoblastoma tissues, specifically those with risk factors for metastasis, suggests its role in proliferation and possibly in invasion. However, the current data do not support it to be a clinical prognostic marker in retinoblastoma tumours. The inverse serum expression is an intriguing finding, which warrants further studies especially in retinoblastoma.
Spontaneous rupture of kidney may involve collecting system or parenchyma. Parenchymal rupture usually occurs in patients with renal cell carcinoma, angiomyolipoma, renal cysts, arteriovenous malformation or vascular diseases such as periarteritis nodosa. Collecting system rupture is usually a rare complication of obstructive urolithiasis. Selleck GSK1210151A We describe the unusual cases of spontaneous kidney rupture in patients with acute urinary obstruction.

The case report describes the left parenchymal kidney explosion related to ipsilateral ureteral obstruction caused by a single ureteral stone. The patient reached our emergency department with acute left flank pain and massive haematuria. At the moment of admission, the patient was in stage III hypovolemic shock and had a lower haematocrit (haemoglobin = 4.9 g/dL). Despite blood transfusions, emergency surgical exploration, extrafascial nephrectomy and intensive support care, the patient died twelve hours after surgery.

Parenchymal renal rupture can be a life-threatening emergency. Despite its rarity, in the differential diagnosis of acute abdomen, parenchymal renal rupture should always be considered in patients with abdominal pain and an anamnesis or history of urinary stones, pointing out the need of early diagnosis also in benign urological conditions.
Parenchymal renal rupture can be a life-threatening emergency. Despite its rarity, in the differential diagnosis of acute abdomen, parenchymal renal rupture should always be considered in patients with abdominal pain and an anamnesis or history of urinary stones, pointing out the need of early diagnosis also in benign urological conditions.An improvement in HPV vaccination rates is one of the primary goals of public health organizations. Toward this end, fear appeal communication is commonly used in health interventions, warning individuals of threats of HPV infection and promoting vaccination. However, little is known about how threat-related emotions, such as fear and anxiety, influence the cognitive processing of vaccination information and how this processing is associated with vaccination intention. To address this void, this study tests a model drawing upon functional emotion theories and dual-process models of persuasion. Results from an experimental study showed that fear and anxiety, which arose from exposure to threat information, triggered motivation to process HPV protection-related information, which in turn, was positively associated with depth of HPV vaccination information processing. Subsequently, greater depth of processing led to a greater number of positive cognitive responses when participants were presented with information with a high (vs. low), level of response efficacy. Finally, greater positivity of cognitive responses predicted greater intention to obtain HPV vaccination. Collectively, our findings provide a theory-based explanation about how the sequential provision and processing of threat and efficacy information in fear appeals contribute to the promotion of HPV vaccination. Implications for designing fear appeal messages are discussed.
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