Notes

Value of October and OCTA while Prospective Biomarkers with regard to Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease: An overview Study.
The median prednisolone dose was reduced from 30 mg (range 7.5-60 mg) to 5 mg (range 0-10 mg) after biological therapy (P = 0.002). Significant visual improvement was observed post biologic therapy (mean log mar VA 0.41 ± 0.62 improved to 0.23 ± 0.48 at the final visit, P = 0.008). Maximum number of patients (16 patients, 89%) responded well with biological therapy. Three patients developed recurrence and systemic complications were observed in two patients.

Biologic therapy is effective in non-infectious refractory uveitis who were resistant to conventional therapy and may prolong disease recurrence.
Biologic therapy is effective in non-infectious refractory uveitis who were resistant to conventional therapy and may prolong disease recurrence.
To report the clinical profile of a series of anterior nodular scleritis in Indian population.

We conducted a retrospective review of medical records of 140 eyes of 123 consecutive patients with nodular scleritis who presented to a tertiary eye care institute between 2007 and 2018.

The mean age at presentation was 46.8 ± 13.1 years and 70.7% of the patients were female. Bilateral involvement was observed in 14% patients. The most common presenting symptom was redness (92.6%) and ocular pain (69.1%). Twenty-seven patients (22%) had some systemic association and rheumatoid arthritis (5%) was the most common autoimmune disease. Presumed ocular tuberculosis was diagnosed in 13% patients. GC7 clinical trial Methotrexate was the most common immunosuppressive used in these patients and an additional immunosuppressive was required in 6.5% patients. Recurrence of inflammation was observed in 74.8% patients. Deterioration of vision noted in 2.8% eyes.

Tuberculosis remains an important cause of nodular scleritis in India. Recurrence of scleritis is common in nodular scleritis and cases with non infectious nodular scleritis often require treatment with immune suppressives.
Tuberculosis remains an important cause of nodular scleritis in India. Recurrence of scleritis is common in nodular scleritis and cases with non infectious nodular scleritis often require treatment with immune suppressives.
To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of cortistatin (CST) in endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) model and to compare the results with corticosteroid treatment.

A total of 35 healthy Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into five groups. EIU was induced by a single subcutaneous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Group I received intraperitoneal (ip) normal saline (NS), Group II received ip 150 μg LPS plus NS, Group III received ip 150 μg LPS plus 250 μg/kg CST, Group IV received ip 150 μg LPS plus 1mg/kg dexamethasone, and Group V received ip 250 μg/kg CST only. The aqueous humor was collected 24 h after injection and the infiltrating cells were determined. Moreover, histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations were also performed.

The clinical score and infiltrated cell count were reduced in Groups III and IV compared with Group II (P < 0.001). The pathological findings of Groups III and IV were significantly reduced compared with Group II (P < 0.001). These findings were similar between Groups III and IV (P = 1.000). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) immunoreactivity in the ciliary body of Group III and Group IV were significantly reduced compared with Group II (P < 0.001). TNF-α and IL-1β immunoreactivity in the ciliary body of Group III and Group IV were similar compared with Group I and Group V (range of P values was 0.539-0.958).

CST administration as a therapeutic agent might ameliorate the severity of intraocular inflammation in uveitis patients. In conclusion, effect of CST and dexamethasone in EIU model was comparable.
CST administration as a therapeutic agent might ameliorate the severity of intraocular inflammation in uveitis patients. In conclusion, effect of CST and dexamethasone in EIU model was comparable.
The objective of this study was to correlate seasonal variation of epidemic retinitis (ER) with concurrent community outbreaks.

This is a retrospective, observational, comparative study conducted in a tertiary care eye hospital in south India. Monthly variation in number of ER cases in comparison with reported community outbreaks by Integrated Disease Surveillance Program (IDSP) from 2009 to 2020 in the same region were studied. Month-wise graphs against number of patients were plotted for ER and for each community outbreak.

ER was diagnosed in 163 patients. Diagnosis of presumed rickettsial ER was made in 48 cases (29.44%), chikungunya in 5, dengue in 3 and typhoid in 6 cases, while in other cases the etiological diagnosis remained uncertain (n = 101). Multiple positive serological tests were seen in 6 patients (Weil Felix Test (WFT) with WIDAL in 4 and chikungunya IgM with WFT in 2 patients). Relevant reported outbreaks by IDSP were Pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) (n = 5148), Chikungunya (n = 6577), Dengue (n = 7350), Measles (n = 1422), Mumps (n = 881), Rubella (n = 288), Malaria (n = 2262), Chicken Pox (n = 2385), Typhoid (n = 597), Kyasanur Forest Disease (n = 381), Scrub Typhus (n = 13), Typhus fever (n = 4), Japanese Encephalitis (n = 15). None of the outbreak graphs pattern was identical or similar to the graph of ER. Inverse relation of the graph of dengue outbreak with ER was observed.

Inverse correlation between dengue and ER should be further studied for causation, which we believe may prove dengue as least common cause. Reporting of rickettsial outbreaks should be enhanced by undertaking statewide awareness and procurement of gold standard tests.
Inverse correlation between dengue and ER should be further studied for causation, which we believe may prove dengue as least common cause. Reporting of rickettsial outbreaks should be enhanced by undertaking statewide awareness and procurement of gold standard tests.
To study efficacy of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) in resolution of macular edema in epidemic retinitis (ER).

In this retrospective, comparative study, patients diagnosed as ER with central macular thickness (CMT) ≥ 600 μm on SD-OCT at presentation were studied. Eyes which did not receive intravitreal anti-VEGF formed group A and eyes receiving additional anti-VEGF formed group B. Eyes receiving anti-VEGF monotherapy were studied separately. Cases with subsequent OCT scans with interval of more than 20 days and cases without OCT scan at the resolution were excluded. Treatment details, visual outcome, and days to resolution of macular edema were studied.

Mean CMT in group A (n = 8) was 820.1 μm (range 607-1004 μm) and in Group B (n = 4) was 756.0 μm (range 603-1000 μm). Macular edema resolved in 34.8 days (range 16-65) and 39.0 days (range 21-45) in group A and B, respectively. Two eyes with anti-VEGF monotherapy recovered in 45 and 18 days, respectively. Mean corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) at presentation in group A was 19.
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