Notes

P Novo Sequencing of Proteins via Top-Down Tandem bike Size Spectra.
4 mm/m2 (12.0-21.9) and 100% (50-130), respectively. Median time to all-cause death was 74 months, and 72% dogs (95% confidence interval, 50-86%) had not succumbed to cardiac death (CD) 160 months after diagnosis. Univariate analyses showed that the time from diagnosis to CD was associated with the presence of clinical signs, ascites, severe right atrial dilation, palpable thrill, and a Celermajer index ≥100%. DISCUSSION Right atrial enlargement is significantly associated with decreased survival time of dogs with EA although most may live for years and may not die from CD. CONCLUSIONS These results support medium to long-term survival for most dogs with EA. INTRODUCTION Quantitative measurements are commonly implemented to objectively evaluate heart size in dogs. However, recent studies suggest that the phase of cardiac cycle can impact vertebral heart score, thereby potentially influencing clinical management. This study used fluoroscopy to assess the impact of the cardiac cycle on quantitative cardiovascular measurements in healthy dogs of various breeds. ANIMALS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS This was a prospective study. Multiple cardiac and respiratory cycles were recorded fluoroscopically. Peak inspiratory end-systole and end-diastole frames were captured from 49 dogs in right lateral recumbency. Vertebral heart score (VHS), cardiothoracic ratio (CTR), vertebral left atrial size (VLAS), and caudal vena cava diameter ratio (CVCDR) measurements were performed. Mean cardiac measurements were compared between cardiac cycle phases, and the impact of body condition score (BCS), weight, thoracic conformation, sex, and age was evaluated. RESULTS Cardiac cycle had a significant impact on VHS (mean difference 0.36 ± 0.14 vertebral units between systole and diastole; p less then 0.001) and CTR (mean difference 2.2 ± 1.2% between systole and diastole; p less then 0.001). Cardiac cycle had no significant impact on VLAS or CVCDR. Increasing BCS significantly increased variation between systole and diastole in CTR measurements (p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS The cardiac cycle has a significant effect on VHS and CTR but does not impact VLAS or CVCDR. These findings should be taken into consideration during clinical use of these measurements, especially if a patient is being monitored for cardiac changes over time via serial radiographs. Limnologists often adhere to a discretized view of waterbodies-they classify them, divide them into zones, promote discrete management targets, and use research tools, experimental designs, and statistical analyses focused on discretization. By offering useful shortcuts, this approach to limnology has profoundly benefited the way we understand, manage, and communicate about waterbodies. But the research questions and the research tools in limnology are changing rapidly in the era of big data, with consequences for the relevance of our current discretization schemes. Here, I examine how and why we discretize and argue that selectively rethinking the extent to which we must discretize gives us an exceptional chance to advance limnology in new ways. To help us decide when to discretize, I offer a framework (discretization evaluation framework) that can be used to compare the usefulness of various discretization approaches to an alternative which relies less on discretization. This framework, together with a keen awareness of discretization's advantages and disadvantages, may help limnologists benefit from the ongoing information explosion. Karst aquifers are important drinking water resources, but highly vulnerable to contamination. Contaminants can be transported rapidly through a network of fractures and conduits, with only limited sorption or degradation, which usually leads to a fast and strong response at karst springs. During migration, contaminants can also enter less mobile zones, such as pools or water in intra-karstic sediments, or advance from conduits into the adjacent fractured rock matrix. As contaminant concentrations in the main flow path(s) decrease, contaminants may migrate back into the main flow path and reach the karst springs at low (but significant) concentrations over a long time span. This is the conventional interpretation for the oft-observed steep rising limb and the long-tailed falling limb of tracer breakthrough curves in karst systems. Here, field measurements are examined from an alpine karst system in Austria where a series of distinctive, long-tailed breakthrough curves (BTCs) of conservative tracers were observed over distances up to 7400 m. Recognizing that the conventional advection-dispersion equation (ADE) cannot usually quantify such behavior, two other modeling approaches are considered, namely the two-region non-equilibrium (2RNE) model, which explicitly includes mobile and immobile zones, and a continuous time random walk (CTRW) model, which is based on a physically-based, probabilistic approach that describes anomalous (or non-Fickian) transport behavior characteristic of heterogeneous systems such as karst. In most cases, the ADE and 2RNE models do not quantify the low concentrations at longer travel times. The CTRW, in contrast, accounts for the long-tailed breakthrough behavior found in this karst system. Grain filling is the final determinant of yield, and this process is susceptible to abiotic stresses. Salicylic acid (SA) regulates grain filling in rice plants. A comparative proteomic study was conducted to understand how SA mediates grain filling under soil drying (SD) condition. Zhefu802 and its near-isogenic line (NIL) were planted in pots in an artificial chamber. TVB-3664 datasheet SA (100 mg L-1) was applied, followed by SD treatment (with a water potential of -30 to -35 kPa) at anthesis. The results showed that the grain yield and grain weight significantly decreased under SD in Zhefu802, but not in its NIL variety. SD also decreased expression of photosynthesis-related proteins in grains of Zhefu802, which resulted in its poorer drought resistance. Furthermore, the decreased grain filling rate rather than the grain size explained the observed decreased grain weight and grain yield under SD. Interestingly, these reductions were reversed by SA. Expression of proteins involved in glycolysis/TCA circle, starch and sucrose metabolism, antioxidation and detoxication, oxidative phosphorylation, transcription, translation, and signal transduction, were significantly down-regulated under SD and were significantly up-regulated in response to SA.
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