Notes

Unsupervised understanding of disentangled representations in deep confined kernel models with orthogonality constraints.
To determine whether the incidence and risk factors of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in pregnancy differ by race/ethnicity, we estimated relative risks of demographic, socioeconomic, and nutritional factors in association with risk of any incident RLS in pregnancy in a cohort of 2,704 healthy pregnant women without prior RLS.

Using data from the multicenter, multiracial National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Fetal Growth Studies-Singletons, we examined the incidence of RLS from early pregnancy to near delivery through up to 6 assessments. Multivariable Poisson models with robust variance were applied to estimate relative risks (RRs).

The cumulative incidence of RLS in pregnancy was 18.1% for all women, 20.3% for White women, 15.4% for Black women, 17.1% for Hispanic women, and 21.1% for Asian women. Among Hispanic women, older age (RR [reference ≤25 years] 25-35 years, 1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-2.16; ≥35 years, 1.58; 95% CI 0.93-2.68), anemia (RR [reference no] yes, 2.47; 95% CI 1.31-4.64), and greater total skinfolds of the subscapular and triceps sites, independent of body mass index (RR [reference quartile 1] quartile 5, 2.54; 95% CI 1.30-4.97;
trend = 0.01) were associated with higher risk of RLS, while multiparity was associated with a lower risk (RR [reference nulliparity] 0.69; 95% CI 0.50-0.96). In Black women, greater skinfolds and waist circumference were associated with higher risk of pregnancy RLS, although the trends were less clear.

The incidence of RLS in pregnancy was high and differed by race/ethnicity, which is likely accounted for by differences in other risk factors, such as age, parity, and nutritional factors.
The incidence of RLS in pregnancy was high and differed by race/ethnicity, which is likely accounted for by differences in other risk factors, such as age, parity, and nutritional factors.
To test the hypothesis that the impaired body orientation with respect to gravity (lateropulsion) would play a key role in post-stroke balance and gait disorders.

Cohort study of 220 individuals consecutively admitted to a neurorehabilitation ward after a first hemisphere stroke (Cohort DOBRAS 2012-2018, ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03203109), with clinical data systematically collected at 1 month, then at discharge. Primary outcomes were balance and gait disorders, quantified by the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke (PASS) and the modified Fugl-Meyer Gait Assessment (mFMA), to be explained by all deficits on day 30, including lateropulsion assessed with the Scale for Contraversive Pushing (SCP). Statistics comprised linear regression analysis, uni- and multivariate analyses, and receiver operating characteristic curves.

Lateropulsion was frequent, especially after right hemisphere stroke (RHS, D30, 48%; discharge 24%), almost always in right-handers. Among all deficits, impaired body orientation (lateropulsion) had the most detrimental effect on balance and gait. After RHS, balance disorders were proportional to lateropulsion severity, which alone explained almost all balance disorders at initial assessment (90%; 95% confidence interval [CI] [86-94], p<0.001) and at discharge (92%, 95%CI [89-95], p<0.001) and also the greatest part of gait disorders at initial assessment (66%, 95%CI [56-77], p<0.001) and at discharge (68%, 95%CI [57-78], p<0.001).

Lateropulsion is the primary factor altering post-stroke balance and gait at the subacute stage and therefore should be systematically assessed. Post-stroke balance and gait rehabilitation should incorporate techniques devoted to misorientation with respect to gravity.
Lateropulsion is the primary factor altering post-stroke balance and gait at the subacute stage and therefore should be systematically assessed. Post-stroke balance and gait rehabilitation should incorporate techniques devoted to misorientation with respect to gravity.
To study the effect of stable treatment with sodium oxybate (SO) on nocturnal REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and REM sleep without atonia (RSWA) that severely affected children with type 1 narcolepsy (NT1).

Nineteen children and adolescents with NT1 (9 female, mean age 12.5 ± 2.7 years, mean disease duration 3.4 ± 1.6 years) underwent neurologic investigations and video-polysomnography (v-PSG) at baseline and after 3 months of stable treatment with SO. v-PSG was independently analyzed by 2 sleep experts to rate RBD episodes. RSWA was automatically computed by means of the validated REM sleep atonia index (RAI).

Compared to baseline, RAI significantly improved (
< 0.05) and complex movements during REM sleep were remarkably reduced after stable treatment with SO. Compared to baseline, children also reported improvement in clinical complaints and showed a different nighttime sleep-stage architecture.

RBD and RSWA improved after treatment with SO, pointing to a direct role of the drug in modulating motor control during REM sleep.

This study offers Class IV evidence of the positive effect of SO on modulation of muscle atonia during REM sleep in children with NT1 because of the absence of a control group.
This study offers Class IV evidence of the positive effect of SO on modulation of muscle atonia during REM sleep in children with NT1 because of the absence of a control group.
To describe clinical features relevant to diagnosis, mechanism, and etiology in patients with "scan-negative" cauda equina syndrome (CES).

We carried out a prospective study of consecutive patients presenting with the clinical features of CES to a regional neurosurgery center comprising semi-structured interview and questionnaires investigating presenting symptoms, neurologic examination, psychiatric and functional disorder comorbidity, bladder/bowel/sexual function, distress, and disability.

A total of 198 patients presented consecutively over 28 months. PD-148515 A total of 47 were diagnosed with scan-positive CES (mean age 48 years, 43% female). A total of 76 mixed category patients had nerve root compression/displacement without CES compression (mean age 46 years, 71% female) and 61 patients had scan-negative CES (mean age 40 years, 77% female). An alternative neurologic cause of CES emerged in 14/198 patients during admission and 4/151 patients with mean duration 25 months follow-up. Patients with scan-negative CES had more positive clinical signs of a functional neurologic disorder (11% scan-positive CES vs 34% mixed and 68% scan-negative,
< 0.
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