Notes

Oligodendrocytes within the getting older brain.
or preterm neonates were associated with improved core body temperature (with moderate certainty of evidence). Specifically, use of a plastic bag or wrap with a plastic cap or with heated humidified gas was associated with lower risk of major brain injury and mortality (with low to moderate certainty of evidence).
Results of this study indicate that most thermal care interventions in the delivery room for preterm neonates were associated with improved core body temperature (with moderate certainty of evidence). Specifically, use of a plastic bag or wrap with a plastic cap or with heated humidified gas was associated with lower risk of major brain injury and mortality (with low to moderate certainty of evidence).Platelets convey important nonhemostatic immune functions; however, their potential role in resolving pulmonary inflammation remains to be determined. In this issue of JEM, Rossaint et al. (2021. J. Exp. Med. https//doi.org/10.1084/jem.20201353) reveal that platelets contribute to the resolution of pulmonary inflammation by directly recruiting T regulatory (T reg) cells to the lungs and by transcriptionally reprogramming alveolar macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype.
Organ scarcity means few patients with advanced liver disease undergo a transplant, making equitable distribution all the more crucial. Disparities may arise at any stage in the complex process leading up to this curative therapy.

To examine the rate of and factors associated with referral, wait-listing, and receipt of liver allografts.

This retrospective cohort study used linked data from comprehensive electronic medical records and the United Network of Organ Sharing. Adult patients with cirrhosis and a Model for End-Stage Liver Disease with addition of sodium score of at least 15 points between October 1, 2011, and December 31, 2017, were included in the study. Patients were from 129 hospitals in the integrated, US Department of Veterans Affairs health care system and were followed up through December 31, 2018. Statistical analyses were performed from April 28, 2020, to January 31, 2021.

Sociodemographic (eg, age, insurance, income), clinical (eg, liver disease etiology, severity, comorbidity), anditoring to the earlier stages may help improve equity and manage potentially modifiable barriers to transplantation.
In this cohort study, few patients with advanced liver disease received referrals, were wait-listed, or underwent a transplant. The greatest deficits occurred at the referral step. Although health systems routinely track rates and disparities for organ transplants among wait-listed patients, extending monitoring to the earlier stages may help improve equity and manage potentially modifiable barriers to transplantation.Solute carrier family 6 member 1 (SLC6A1) is abundantly expressed in the developing brain even before the central nervous system is formed. Its encoded GABA transporter 1 is responsible for the reuptake of GABA into presynaptic neurons and glia, thereby modulating neurotransmission. GABA transporter 1 is expressed globally in the brain, in both astrocytes and neurons. The GABA uptake function of GABA transporter 1 in neurons cannot be compensated for by other GABA transporters, while the function in glia can be partially replaced by GABA transporter 3. Recently, many variants in SLC6A1 have been associated with a spectrum of epilepsy syndromes and neurodevelopmental disorders, including myoclonic atonic epilepsy, childhood absence epilepsy, autism, and intellectual disability, but the patho-mechanisms associated with these phenotypes remain unclear. The presence of GABA transporter 1 in both neurons and astrocytes further obscures the role of abnormal GABA transporter 1 in the heterogenous disease phenotype mpes, including astrocytes and neurons, for the surveyed variants. Interestingly, we did not find a clear correlation of GABA uptake function and the disease phenotypes, such as myoclonic atonic epilepsy vs developmental delay, in this study. Together, our study suggests that impaired transporter protein trafficking and surface expression are the major disease-associated mechanisms associated with pathogenic SLC6A1 variants. Our results resemble findings from pathogenic variants in other genes affecting the GABA pathway, such as GABAA receptors. This study provides critical insight into therapeutic developments for SLC6A1 variant-mediated disorders and implicates that boosting transporter function by either genetic or pharmacologic approaches would be beneficial.The effectors of the Rab7 small GTPase play multiple roles in Rab7-dependent endosome-lysosome and autophagy-lysosome pathways. However, it is largely unknown how distinct Rab7 effectors coordinate to maintain the homeostasis of late endosomes and lysosomes to ensure appropriate endolysosomal and autolysosomal degradation. Here we report that WDR91, a Rab7 effector required for early-to-late endosome conversion, is essential for lysosome function and homeostasis. Mice lacking Wdr91 specifically in the central nervous system exhibited behavioral defects and marked neuronal loss in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices. At the cellular level, WDR91 deficiency causes PtdIns3P-independent enlargement and dysfunction of lysosomes, leading to accumulation of autophagic cargoes in mouse neurons. WDR91 competes with the VPS41 subunit of the HOPS complex, another Rab7 effector, for binding to Rab7, thereby facilitating Rab7-dependent lysosome fusion in a controlled manner. WDR91 thus maintains an appropriate level of lysosome fusion to guard the normal function and survival of neurons.
CircRNAs are covalently closed RNA molecules that are particularly abundant in the brain. While circRNA expression data from the human brain is rapidly accumulating, integration of large-scale datasets remains challenging and time-consuming, and consequently an integrative view of circRNA expression in the human brain is currently lacking.

NeuroCirc is a web-based resource that allows interactive exploration of multiple types of circRNA data from the human brain, including large-scale expression datasets, circQTL data and circRNA expression across neuronal differentiation and cellular maturation time-courses. learn more NeuroCirc also allows users to upload their own circRNA expression data and explore it in the integrative platform, thereby supporting circRNA prioritization for experimental validation and functional studies. NeuroCirc is freely available at https//voineagulab.github.io/NeuroCirc/. The source code and user documentation are available at https//github.com/Voineagulab/NeuroCirc.

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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