Notes

Quetelet and also the introduction with the behaviour sciences.
01). Patients in COVID-19 group also had a significantly greater reduction in both FMDmm and FMD% (p<0.01 in both). We found that absolute FMD≤0.26mm and relative FMD≤3.43% were the ideal cutoff point to predict mortality and longer hospital stay. In Kaplan Meyer's analysis patients had a high probability of death within a period of up to 10 days of hospitalization.

Patients hospitalized for COVID-19 present endothelial vascular dysfunction early, remained hospitalized longer and had a higher number of deaths, when compared with patients without COVID-19.
Patients hospitalized for COVID-19 present endothelial vascular dysfunction early, remained hospitalized longer and had a higher number of deaths, when compared with patients without COVID-19.
Impairment of cardiac autonomic integrity is common in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. The influence of the interaction between clinical and severity status on brain-heart autonomic axis (BHAA) is not well known. We aimed to investigate the BHAA function across different clinical status and severity of COPD.

Cross-sectional study involving 77 COPD patients allocated into four groups according to clinical status [acute exacerbation (GAE) or stable (GST)] and severity [less (-) or more (+)] 1) GAE-, n=13; 2) GAE+, n=20; 3) GST-, n=23; and 4) GST+, n=21. Heart rate variability (HRV) at rest and heart rate recovery (HRR) after 6-min walk test were markers of BHAA. Mean R-R, STDRR, RMSSD, RRtri, HF, LF, SD1, SD2, ApEn and SampEn were the HRV indexes and, HRR was obtained as HR at 1st min of recovery minus peak HR.

A main effect of clinical status (p<0.001) was found to vagal modulation in GAE-vs. GST- (RMSSD 25.0±14.8 vs. 12.6±5.5ms; SD1 18.0±10.6 vs. 8.9±3.9ms) and to GAE+vs. GST+ (RMSSD 26.4±15.2 vs. 15.4±6.3ms; SD1 18.3±11.2 vs. 10.9±4.5ms). An effect of clinical status (p=0.032) and severity (p=0.030) were found to HF (vagal) in GAE+compared to GAE- and GST+ (264.7±239.0 vs. 134.7±169.7 and 135.8±139.7ms
). Lower HRR was found in GAE-compared to GST- (8.0±2.4 vs. 19.6±2.4 bpm), p=0.002.

In COPD patients, clinical status (AECOPD or stable) was more dominant than the severity on BHAA function. (R)-2-Hydroxyglutarate price A more pronounced parasympathetic modulation was found in AECOPD patients with a lower HRR to exercise.
In COPD patients, clinical status (AECOPD or stable) was more dominant than the severity on BHAA function. A more pronounced parasympathetic modulation was found in AECOPD patients with a lower HRR to exercise.
Although previous cross-sectional studies showed the feasibility and clinical association of the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) in Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease (MAC-PD), its longitudinal validity is poorly understood. We aimed to determine the longitudinal validity and prognostic significance of SGRQ.

In this prospective observational study conducted between May 2012 and August 2018, we evaluated 269 enrolled patients with MAC-PD and examined associations between baseline SGRQ total scores and mortality or clinical variables (anchors), including serum C-reactive protein levels and pulmonary function test results.

Age- and sex-matched SGRQ scores indicated significantly greater impairment in patients with MAC-PD than in the general population (P<0.001). On multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, the SGRQ total score ≥25 was an independent risk factor for mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 5.90; 95% confidence interval, 1.65-37.7) as well as age, body mass index, and forced vital capacity (FVC). Mixed-effect model results showed a significant association between SGRQ symptom/total scores and forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV
), FVC, and diffusing carbon monoxide capacity. Older age, a positive smear, non-nodular/bronchiectatic form, and cavity regions were associated with SGRQ total score deterioration. Patients with a greater decline from baseline FEV
(% predicted) exhibited significantly worse impairment in the SGRQ total score (mean±SE, 4.69±10.9 points, P=0.001).

SGRQ showed longitudinal validity in assessing disease severity and was sensitive to changes in patients with MAC-PD, especially changes in %FEV
The SGRQ total score may be an important prognostic factor.
SGRQ showed longitudinal validity in assessing disease severity and was sensitive to changes in patients with MAC-PD, especially changes in %FEV1. The SGRQ total score may be an important prognostic factor.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a very common disease, is the third leading cause of death worldwide. Due to the significant heterogeneity of clinical phenotypes of COPD there is no single method suitable for predicting patients' health status and outcomes, and therefore multidimensional indices, assessing different components of the disease, were developed and are recommended for clinical practice by international guidelines. Several indices have been widely accepted BODE and its modifications, ADO, DOSE, CODEX, COTE. They differ in their composition and aim, while they are more accurate and better validated in specific settings and populations. We review the characteristics, strengths and limitations of these indices, and we discuss their role in routine management of patients with COPD, as well as in specific clinical scenarios, such as resuscitation and ceiling of care, or decisions to offer more invasive treatments. This analysis may help clinicians to use those indexes in a more practical and appropriate way.Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) plays an indispensable role in the process of polyamine biosynthesis. Polyamines are a pivotal part of living cells and have diverse roles in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis, aging and reproduction. However, to date, there have been no reports about ODC regulating follicular development in goose ovaries. Here, we constructed ODC siRNA and overexpression plasmids and transfected them into goose primary granulosa cells (GCs) to elucidate the effects of ODC interference and overexpression on the polyamine metabolism, hormone levels, cell apoptosis and proliferation of granulosa cells. After interfering with ODC in GCs, the mRNA and protein levels of ODC and the content of putrescine were greatly decreased (P less then 0.05). When ODC was overexpressed, ODC mRNA and protein levels and putrescine content were greatly increased (P less then 0.05). The polyamine-metabolizing enzyme genes ornithine decarboxylase antizyme 1 (OAZ1) and spermidine / spermine-N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) were significantly increased, and spermidine synthase (SPDS) was significantly decreased when ODC was downregulated (P less then 0.
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