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The Efficiency associated with Tiny Beautiful Dental practice, Dentistry Tune, along with Tell-Show-Do Techniques in Relieving Tooth Anxiety within Paediatric Sufferers: The Clinical study.
The reproductive system of Mothocya renardi (Bleeker, 1857), a protandrous hermaphroditic cymothoid that infects the belonid fish Strongylura leiura Bleeker, 1850, is characterized using light and electron microscopy. Three protandrous hermaphroditic adult phases are identified male, transitional and female. Each phase includes a paired reproductive system, one on either side of the gut. Each consists of three lobed testes, followed by an ovary, then a vas deferens that opens into a penis on the same side. During the male phase, all testis lobes are filled with germ cells at various stages of spermatogenesis and spermeogenesis. Primary and secondary spermatogonial cells are confined to the peripheral side of the testis lobe. The ovary shows peripheral germarium and a large number of yolkless oocytes encircled by follicle cells. The oviduct emerged from the ovary mid laterally and its distal end was found to be sealed. The exceptionally elongated spermatozoon consists of a head and a long filamentous tail. The spermatozoa are found organized into characteristic bundles to form spermatophores, and these are also packed in the vas deferens during the male phase. During the transitional phase, on the other hand, testes appear to be withered, but the vas deferens contains spermatophores. The ovary shows yolky oocytes encircled by follicle cells. During the female phase, the testis lobes appear as thin, empty, and sac like, and the extremity of the vas deferens is closed. Ovaries contain yolky oocytes and more prominent oviducts than male and transitional phases. The present paper also discusses the pattern of correlation between 1) the ovarian and brood cycles and 2) the ovarian and molt cycles.Morphology has a direct influence on animal fitness. Studies addressing the identification of patterns and variations across several guilds are fundamental in ecomorphological research. Wings are the core of ecological morphology in bats; nevertheless, individual bones and structures that support the wing, including metacarpals, phalanges and the length of digits, have rarely been the subject of comprehensive research when studying wing morphology. Here, I analyzed morphological variations of wing structures across 11 bat guilds and how individual bone structures are correlated to diet, foraging mode and habitat use. I obtained wing measurements from 1512 voucher specimens of 97 species. All the specimens analyzed came from the Mammalian Collection at the Museo Javeriano de Historia Natural of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (MPUJ-MAMM) (Bogotá, Colombia). Positive correlations between size and the length of the third and fifth digit were detected. Bat guilds that capture their preys using aerial strategy in uncluttered habitats had longer third digits but short fifth digits compared to guilds that rely on gleaning strategy and forage in highly cluttered space. Although terminal phalanges were shown to be important structures for guild classification, metacarpals were strongly related to aerial foragers from uncluttered habitats because of their potential role in flight performance and ecological adaptations. Results show that habitat use, as well as foraging mode, are reflected in wing structures. Different wing traits to those evaluated in this study should be considered to better understand the ecological interactions, foraging strategy, wing adaptations, and flight performance in Neotropical bats.The phytal environment is a complex system that involves the association between marine organisms and macroalgae. In this paper, we investigate the diversity of bivalves associated with macroalgae on the continental shelf between the states of Alagoas and Bahia, including Sergipe, in northeastern Brazil. Macroalgae and associated fauna were collected during two sampling campaigns under the MARSEAL project (February and July 2011 [dry and rainy seasons, respectively]), covering 24 stations and three isobaths (10, 25 and 50 m). The following ecological descriptors were calculated abundance (N), richness (S), diversity (H') and evenness (J). A total of 1384 individuals from 20 families, 28 genera and 44 species were obtained. Arcidae was the most abundant group, followed by the families Pteriidae and Mytilidae. The most abundant species were Arca zebra, Anadara sp. 1 and Pinctada imbricata, representing 71% of the total abundance. The families Arcidae, Corbulidae and Mytilidae were considered constant, as they occurred in more than 50% of the samples. A higher abundance was recorded during the rainy season. No seasonal differences were found regarding S, H' or J. Richness increased with increasing depth, whereas the other indices (N, H' and J) were not influenced by bathymetry. This reveals that the 50 m isobath has a greater support capacity and houses richer, more diverse fauna. Bivalve richness and composition data from this study expand the information on mollusk biodiversity associated with the phytal environment on the continental shelf off northeastern Brazil.This study examined the spatial distribution of the medusae phase of Cunina octonaria (Narcomedusae) in temperate Southwestern Atlantic waters using a total of 3,288 zooplankton lots collected along the Uruguayan and Argentine waters (34-56°S), which were placed in the Medusae collection of the Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina. In addition, we reported the peculiar parasitic association between two hydrozoan species the polypoid phase (stolon and medusoid buds) of C. octonaria (parasite) and the free-swimming medusa of Liriope tetraphylla (Limnomedusae) (host) over a one-year sampling period (February 2014 to March 2015) in the coasts of Mar del Plata, Argentina. We examined the seasonality, prevalence, and intensity of parasitic infection. Metadata associated with the medusa collection was also used to map areas of seasonality where such association was observed. learn more Cunina octonaria was found from southern Uruguay to the coast of Mar del Plata (34.8-38.2°S, 57.2-54.0°W), with the highest abundanr del Plata, as well as in both coasts of the Río de la Plata Estuary (Uruguayan-Argentinean coasts). In the Southwestern Atlantic, several biological interactions between medusae and other groups have been identified; however, the specific host selectivity of C. octonaria for L. tetraphylla was not previously identified. Here we discuss the ecological importance of this association during the holoplanktonic life history of the narcomedusae. Additionally, we report the southern limit of the spatial distribution of this particular parasitic association in the Southwestern Atlantic, thus increasing the knowledge of biological associations of gelatinous zooplankton (Cnidaria and Ctenophora) on Uruguayan and Argentinean coasts.
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