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Inside vitro and in vivo performance associated with disinfectants towards Trypanosoma vivax.
OBJECTIVES Rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease (RP-ILD) with poor prognosis often accompanies anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5)-positive DM. Combined immunosuppressive therapy, including glucocorticoids, calcineurin inhibitors and intravenous cyclophosphamide (IVCY) is reportedly effective in DM with RP-ILD, but some patients remain resistant to therapy. We examined the utility of plasma exchange (PE) in such intractable cases and investigated the prognostic factors of the disease. METHODS Thirty-eight anti-MDA5-positive DM-ILD patients who received the combined immunosuppressive therapy were retrospectively reviewed. Their serum cytokines were evaluated by multiplex assay before treatment. The patients were divided into two groups those who achieved remission without exacerbation of respiratory dysfunction (n = 25, group A) and those who progressed to hypoxemia during the treatment (n = 13, group B). RESULTS PE was carried out in eight group B patients, but none of group A. Five of the eight treated with PE survived, while the five untreated patients died (P =0.04). Higher neutrophil lymphocyte ratio, higher serum ferritin, hypoxemia, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) score before treatment and increase of Krebs von Lungen-6 (KL-6) in the first 4 weeks of the treatment were the prognostic factors for disease progression. Serum cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-18 and sCD163 levels were higher in group B than group A. CONCLUSION PE should be an effective adjuvant treatment in anti-MDA5-positive DM with RP-ILD. Assessment of basal laboratory tests or monocyte/macrophage-derived cytokines and the increase of KL-6, HRCT score and hypoxemia may help us to predict intractable cases and to make early treatment decisions regarding PE in anti-MDA5-positive DM. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Rheumatology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email [email protected] systematic scoping review of anti-smoking mass media campaign literature provided opportunity to explore how social normative theories and constructs are used to influence smoking cessation. Synthesis of findings was constrained by significant heterogeneity. Nevertheless, the results indicate that a broader conceptualization of social norm is worthy of further exploration. Perceptions of what others think and do contributed in multiple ways to the relationship between anti-smoking messaging and quitting outcomes. see more Furthermore, integrating research on social norms, social identity and communication may improve understanding of why quitting intentions are enhanced in some circumstances but reactance and counter-arguing responses corresponding to lower quitting intentions occur in others. Integrating a broader theoretical understanding of normative influences into campaign development and evaluation may prove useful in demonstrating the effectiveness of this approach in behaviour change campaigns. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email [email protected] coralliilyticus is a pathogen of coral and mollusk, contributing to dramatic losses worldwide. In our study, we found that V. coralliilyticus challenge could directly affect adult Tridacna crocea survival; there were dead individuals appearing at 6 h post infection, and there were 45.56% and 56.78% mortality rates in challenged groups after 36 h of infection. The apoptosis rate of hemocytes was significantly increased by 1.8-fold at 6 h after V. coralliilyticus injection. To shed light on the mechanistic molecular responses of T. crocea to V. coralliilyticus infection, we used transcriptome sequencing analysis and other relevant techniques to analyze T. crocea hemocytes at 0 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h after V. coralliilyticus challenge. Our results revealed that the total numbers of unigenes and DEGs were 195651 and 3446, respectively. Additional details were found by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, where DEGs were significantly enriched in immune-related signaling pathways, such as the TLR signaling pathway, and some were associated with signaling related to apoptosis. Quantitative validation results illustrated that with exposure to V. coralliilyticus, the expression of TLR pathway members, TLR, MyD88, IRAK4, TRAF6, and IкB-α, were significantly upregulated (by 22.9-, 9.6-, 4.0-, 3.6-, and 3.9-fold, respectively) at 6 h. The cytokine-related gene IL-17 exhibited an increase of 6.3-fold and 10.5-fold at 3 h and 6 h, respectively. The apoptosis-related gene IAP1 was dramatically increased by 2.99-fold at 6 h. These results indicate that adult T. crocea could initiate the TLR pathway to resist V. coralliilyticus, which promotes the release of inflammatory factors such as IL-17 and leads to the activation of a series of outcomes, such as apoptosis. The response mechanism is related to the T. crocea immunoreaction stimulated by V. coralliilyticus, providing a theoretical basis for understanding T. crocea immune response mechanisms.Traditional methods of collecting, sorting, and identifying benthic macroinvertebrate samples are useful for stream biomonitoring and ecological studies, however, these methods are time consuming, expensive, and require taxonomic expertise. Estimating larval densities through collection of post-emergent exuvia can be a practical and time efficient alternative. We evaluated the use of multiple pass depletion techniques of the post-emergent exuvia of Pteronarcys californica to estimate larval densities at ten sites in three Colorado rivers. Exuvia density was highly correlated with both final-instar larval density (R2 = 0.90) and total larval density (R2 = 0.88) and the multiple pass removal technique performed well. Exuvia surveys found P. californica at three low density sites where benthic sampling failed to detect it. At moderate and high density sites the exuvia surveys always produced lower density estimates than benthic surveys. Multiple pass depletion estimates of exuvia proved to be an accurate and efficient technique at estimating larval densities and provided an effective alternative for traditional benthic sampling when objectives are detecting and monitoring P.
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