Notes

The KLK4 proteinase substrate seize approach to antagonize PAR1.
The high pigment (hp) tomato mutants increase the fruit pigment content in tomato. The dark green (dg) tomato mutant belonging to this category contains the hp-2 dg recessive allele, resulting from a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the DEETIOLATED1 (DET1) gene. Naturally, identification of this functional SNP is crucial for introgression of this important mutant allele in suitable tomato cultivar(s). Hence, we developed a functional co-dominant marker for detecting the hp-2 dg mutant allele using the tetra-primer amplicon refractory mutation system (T-ARMS) strategy. Although the other available techniques for identification of SNPs require specialized costly equipments and reagents, our method allows the reliable identification of this functional SNP in time-, labour- and cost-effective manner, using standard molecular biology equipments and reagents. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of T-ARMS strategy for the detection of the dg mutant allele in tomato, which will definitely help in identification and introgression of this allele by the breeders, working even under limited fund and resources.Flowering time is a critical trait reflecting the adaptation of plants to their environments. click here Our initial research has shown that exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) significantly promoted the floret opening of sorghum. To better understand the mechanism of this phenomenon in sorghum, the comparative transcriptome analysis was performed. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the most number of differentially expressed genes was presented between control plants and plants treated with 2.0 mM exogenous MeJA in 2.5 h. A large number of differentially expressed genes were assigned to the subcategory of carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism. The transcriptomic analysis of differentially expressed genes involved in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and tricarboxylic acid cycle indicated a close relationship between carbohydrates metabolism and flowering. In addition, potassium uptake proteins and aquaporins also played important role in response to the exogenous MeJA in the flowering process. These results provide insights into the effect of MeJA on flowering time and explore the possible molecular mechanism of advancing the flowering period by spraying MeJA.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02743-6.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02743-6.Bacterial blight (BB) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae (Xap) is the major scourge in pomegranate cultivation leading to an extensive yield loss up to 60-80%. Hence, identifying a novel resistance source for BB is very necessary for developing a suitable management strategy. Host range analysis and cross-inoculation studies revealed that Xap is specific to pomegranate and there are no alternative hosts to the pathogen. Screening of 149 accessions recorded the varied disease resistance levels with mean disease severity of 30.67%. Accession lines IC318735, IC318724, and IC318762 exhibited maximum disease tolerance by exhibiting the lowest disease severity of 4.91, 5.66, and 6.82%, respectively. Comparative expression analysis of defence genes in IC318724 and IC318735 recorded significant upregulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), callose synthase-3 (CS3), chitinase, pathogenesis-related protein-1 (PR1), and pathogenesis-related protein-10 (PR10), indicating these genes might be actively involved in conferring disease tolerance. Abiotic elicitors were tested to induce systemic resistance in agronomically superior and widely adapted variety Bhagwa for managing BB of pomegranate. Among the various elicitors tested; proline (600 ppm), gamma-aminobutyric acid (600 ppm), chitosan (600 ppm), β-aminobutyric acid (200 ppm), laminarin (600 ppm), and eugenol (200 ppm) recorded maximum disease protection in prophylactic treatment with disease protection of 89.59, 88.59, 87.15, 86.08, 81.05, and 78.72%, respectively. Similar observations were recorded when these were applied as curative treatment. The present study will broaden our understanding of host-pathogen interactions during BB infection in pomegranate, also aid in developing ideal approach for developing effective disease management.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02721-y.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02721-y.Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, also regarded as "type 3 diabetes" for the last few years because of the brain insulin resistance (IR) and dysregulation of insulin signaling in the brain, which can further promote pathological progression of AD. IRS-1/PI3K/Akt insulin signaling pathway disorder and its downstream cascade reaction are responsible for cognitive decline in the brain. In recent years, a growing number of studies has documented that dysregulation of insulin signaling is a key feature of AD and has crucial correlations with serine/tyrosine (Ser/Tyr) phosphorylation of insulin receptor substance-1(IRS-1). Phosphorylation of this protein has been identified as an important molecule involved in the process of amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition into senile plaques (SPs) and tau hyperphosphorylation into neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). In this paper, we review the links between IRS-1 and the PI3K/Akt insulin signaling pathway, and highlight phosphorylated IRS-1 which negatively regulated by downstream effector of Akt such as mTOR, S6K, and JNK, among others in AD. Furthermore, anti-diabetic drugs including metformin, thiazolidinediones, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue could modulate IRS-1 phosphorylation, brain IR, PI3K/Akt insulin signaling pathway, and other pathologic processes of AD. The above suggest that anti-diabetic drugs may be promising strategies for AD disease-modifying treatments.In ethnomedicine, plant parts and compounds are used traditionally to treat different diseases. Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is the most versatile and useful medicinal plant ever found. Its every part is rich in bioactive compounds, which have traditionally been used to treat different ailments including infectious diseases. Bioactive compounds such as nimbolide, azarirachtin, and gedunin of neem are reported to have a tremendous ability to regulate numerous biological processes in vitro and in vivo. The present review article aims to explore the importance of neem extracts and bioactive compounds in the regulation of different biological pathways. We have reviewed research articles up to March 2020 on the role of neem in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, immunomodulatory, and apoptotic activities. Studies on the concerned fields demonstrate that the bioactive compounds and extracts of neem have a regulatory effect on several biological mechanisms. It has been unveiled that extensive research is carried out on limonoids such as nimbolide and azarirachtin.
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