Notes

The actual Gut-Brain Axis: Materials Review and also Psychiatric Apps.
Recent attention has been afforded to the concept of burnout and other quality of worklife issues among pharmacy faculty, underscoring the importance of organizational culture, citizenship, collegiality, and support. Support comes from the larger academic institution, the college/school, and individual colleagues. Evidence points to reassurance of worth, guidance, and positive affirmation as being among the most salient factors in mitigating burnout of faculty, who are caught in the midst of increasing demands and higher administrative burdens. A supportive culture that reassures worth of individual faculty is not a unidimensional typology, but rather, is one that permeates through all components of a multifaceted and strong culture that encourages citizenship. There is a growing body of research and evidence on faculty burnout and related factors. This commentary calls for the use of such evidence in guiding policies, creating mentoring programs, and carrying out daily activities in much the same manner that scholars use the best available evidence in their own specific lines of inquiry in teaching and research.
Targeted recruitment of students with disabilities is a novel area in pharmacy education and may help to attract qualified students in light of decreasing applicant numbers. IKEmodulator The aim of this study was to explore the visibility of disabilities within online recruitment material for pharmacy programs and to determine the location of targeted information available to prospective students with disabilities.

The top 50 ranked programs offering a professional pharmacy degree under the Pharmacy and Pharmacology QS subject rankings were identified and included if recruitment material was published in English. Online recruitment material was reviewed for presence of persons with disabilities in photos, presence or description of persons with disabilities in videos, information specific to disabilities on the program website (e.g. technical standards), and information specific to disabilities on the university website (if not located on the program website).

A total of 41 international program websites met the incor a sample of international pharmacy programs.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of sugammadex on operating room (OR) times versus neostigmine in patients recovering from rocuronium or vecuronium induced neuromuscular blockade.

This retrospective cohort study evaluated patients 18 years or older with an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status of I-III who received sugammadex or neostigmine (January- October 2017) for reversal of rocuronium or vecuronium at a 500 bed, community hospital. Patients who were pregnant or breastfeeding were excluded. The primary outcome measure was the time from sugammadex or neostigmine administration to OR exit. The primary outcome was evaluated using a linear regression model adjusting for inpatient procedures, age, sex, body mass index, and ASA score. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of bradycardia as well as nausea and vomiting.

The baseline characteristics of the patients in the cohort (sugammadex=134, neostigmine=143) were similar. The median time from drug administration to OR exit was similar for neostigmine and sugammadex (16 vs. 15.5 minutes, p=0.11). Sugammadex had a statistically significant reduction in time from drug administration to OR exit (coefficient -2.7 minutes, 95% confidence interval -5.2 to -0.2 minutes) in the multivariable linear regression model. Sugammadex had lower rates of bradycardia (5.6 vs. 2.2%) or nausea and vomiting (18 vs. 11%) that did not reach statistical significance.

Sugammadex had statistically shorter OR exit times after drug administration in the cohort. The mean 2.7 minute benefit is unlikely to be clinically meaningful and limits its application in practice unless larger cohorts detect a benefit due to a significant reduction.in.adverse.events.
Sugammadex had statistically shorter OR exit times after drug administration in the cohort. The mean 2.7 minute benefit is unlikely to be clinically meaningful and limits its application in practice unless larger cohorts detect a benefit due to a significant reduction.in.adverse.events.
While pharmacy education standards require students to recognize social determinants of health (SDOH), there is an opportunity to improve how this is taught in the curriculum. One innovative approach is to educate student pharmacists in a biochemistry course through the integration of topics like epigenetics using SDOH as the framework.

A 50-minute educational activity was used to supplement material on the regulation of gene expression, in which epigenetic changes are driven by SDOH. It provided students with a biochemical basis to explain some health disparities, rather than viewing them exclusively as social obstacles to health. The activity employed a mini-lecture, a short video, as well as both small and large group discussion. A reflective paper was used to assess students' understanding of the topic, and the role of the pharmacist in helping patients prevent diseases caused by epigenetic changes due to social determinants of health.

A post-activity survey showed that the activity increased students' perception of knowledge about SDOH, as well as the effect of epigenetic changes on health outcomes. Furthermore, this activity increased students' awareness about the role that SDOH play in epigenetic changes and challenged students to understand the role that society plays in health outcomes.

The preventable nature of health inequities creates an opportunity to integrate public health into pharmacy education. The integration of epigenetics and SDOH gives the student an opportunity to provide a mechanistic link between social inequities and biochemical processes.
The preventable nature of health inequities creates an opportunity to integrate public health into pharmacy education. The integration of epigenetics and SDOH gives the student an opportunity to provide a mechanistic link between social inequities and biochemical processes.Nearly all states require that each licensed pharmacy designate a pharmacist-in-charge (PIC). By law, the PIC typically has responsibility for all professional practice laws and facility standards laws and can be held accountable for such. However, the extent to which the PIC has actual authority over many facility standards varies by organization. This can seemingly put a target on the back of the PIC for decisions they wield little authority over. Idaho recently removed the legal references to the PIC, signaling that facilities are responsible for facility standards and insulating pharmacists from discipline for matters that are outside their control.
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