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The edge of the saline bag is turned inside out around the catheter and then securely closed with a continuous suture, which fixes the folded part of the bag to the catheter. These silo bags are cheap and easily and quickly prepared at any centre in Africa and very similar to manufactured silo bags, which are comparatively costly and difficult to procure in limited-resource environments.Paediatric facial fractures are relatively rare. The inherent elasticity of the bones with more of the cartilage than that of the mineralised bone accounts for this. The principles involved in the management of facial fractures are the same irrespective of the age of the patient; however, in children, the techniques used are necessarily modified by certain anatomical, physiological, psychological and feeding factors related to childhood and the parents. find more In an attempt to keep the treatment and fixation technique simple, the case, presented here, describes the management of a mandibular parasymphyseal fracture in a 16-month-old child with the use of a prefabricated adaptable surgical splint.Sternal cleft is a rare congenital anomaly which is generally observed at birth. The aetiology remains obscure. Superior clefts are more frequent than inferior ones, and isolated central clefts are extremely rare. Surgery is recommended to protect the heart and other mediastinal contents from trauma and also to improve respiratory dynamics. We present the case of a newborn with isolated central clefts and we will give a review of the literature.Internal hernia through an iatrogenic defect in the hepatic falciform ligament and acquired jejunal atresia in a 8-day-old neonate was reported. The PubMed, MEDLINE, CNKI, Wanfang and Weipu databases were searched The literature about the hepatic falciform ligament iatrogenic defect causing internal hernia was analysed. Ten other cases were collected from the world literature. Herniated intestinal necrosis was found in four cases. All cases were recovered uneventfully after operation. Internal herniation through an iatrogenic defect in the hepatic falciform ligament is extremely rare. However, the case reports are increasing, especially in the era of laparoscopic surgery. Adequate closure or open the defect is essential to prevent internal hernia occurrence.Chronic non-suppurative osteomyelitis, also known as Garre's osteomyelitis is a well-described pathologic entity in dental literature. We present here a case report of a unilateral hard bony swelling of the lower jaw associated with infection. Radiograph revealed the pathognomic feature of 'onion skin' appearance. Surgical recontouring of the lower jaw was performed since there was no evidence of bone remodelling after removal of the infected tooth.Duplication cysts of gastrointestinal tract are rare congenital abnormalities found in 0.2% of children. We report a rare case of a ruptured duplication cyst of transverse colon in a 7-year-old female child who presented with abdominal pain and mass in the right iliac fossa. We assumed it as an appendicular mass; however, it turned out to be a ruptured duplication cyst of transverse colon. Only two cases of duplication cyst of transverse colon have been reported yet in the literature.Simple ranula is a cystic swelling confined to the floor of mouth while plunging ranula presents with extension to the neck. Congenital ranula presenting with symptoms of feeding difficulties is a very rare occurrence. There is paucity of literature regarding the management of large congenital ranula. Varied treatment options are described for the management of ranula with variable recurrence rate. In paediatric and adult patients, ranula is considered as a type of extravasation cyst and removal of sublingual gland is advocated to remove the sources of extravasation. Congenital ranula is usually a variant of retention cyst and should be treated with marsupialisation or simple excision of cyst while cyst excision with sublingual sialadenectomy should be reserved for recurrent cases.Bochdalek hernia usually presents in neonates in the form of respiratory distress. Presentation as acute intestinal obstruction is extremely rare. We report a 6-month-old male infant with spontaneous rupture of the sac in a Bochdalek hernia leading to acute gastrointestinal obstruction. Diaphragmatic hernia can rarely present as acute intestinal obstruction due to spontaneous rupture of sac.Facial teratomas are uncommon tumours in children that distort the face and may be associated with functional problems. They are less common than cervical teratomas though they are often grouped together and considered an emergency due to their tendency to cause respiratory compromise. They tend to be large and cause cosmetic issues; hence usually noticed early and medical help sought promptly by parents. The close proximity of facial teratomas to structures like eyes, parotid gland, facial nerve, vessels and brain makes them challenging and requires a patient and meticulous exploration during surgery. We present a case of an 11 month old girl with left sided temporal teratoma. Well planning of the incision and complete excision of the tumour with careful sparing of the facial nerves and parotid gland yielded good result.Exstrophic rectal duplication and its association with bladder exstrophy and anorectal malformation is an extremely rare clinical entity. This is a report of the second case of an exstrophic rectal duplication associated with bladder exstrophy in English literature. However, it is the first case, where all these anomalies were accompanied by an anorectal malformation.Up to date, only five cases of iatrogenic tracheal rupture during rigid bronchoscopy have been reported in children. Herein, we report the first case who has recovered with spontaneous respiration without intubation. Rigid bronchoscopy of a 19-month-old girl revealed a foreign body at the right main bronchus. While the bronchoscope was being withdrawn, we identified a 0.5-cm longitudinal mucosal laceration along the right wall of the membranous trachea. As her spontaneous respiration was adequate, she was treated conservatively. For the treatment of tracheal lacerations, while early surgical repair has traditionally been acceptable, evidence supporting conservative treatment is increasing, particularly in paediatric cases. If spontaneous respiration is sufficient, bridging the laceration with an endotracheal tube may not be required.
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