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Useful resource allocation many different types of vaccinations towards COVID-19: Tradeoffs and also synergies in between efficacy and also attain.
About 1/4 of the world's adult population suffers from hypertension. Due to the high prevalence of the disease, its impact on mortality and socio-economic costs, it is important to search for modifiable causes of its development. This review analyses studies in order to answer the question Is there a higher prevalence of panic disorder in adults (≥18 years of age) with hypertension, than in normotensive group? There have been found 10 cross-sectional studies describing correlation between hypertension and panic disorder. Odds ratio for this two clinical entities ranged from OR = 3.31 (2.99-3.67) to OR = 1.19 (0.87-1.62). Moreover, frequency of coincidence of those two clinical entities was found between 4.2% and 18.75%. In the prospective studies there have been found a positive association between panic disorder and subsequent life-long development of hypertension OR= 1.7 (1.4-2.0). On the other hand, association between hypertension and subsequent development of panic disorder in the 12-months observation was OR = 3.23 (1.51-6.93), but in 3 years of observation it was insignificant OR = 1.12 (0.80-1.57). Based on the literaturereview, dueto the differences in methodology and the small number of prospective studies, it can only be suggested to clinicians that in some cases they should search for panic disorder in patients with hypertension, especially paroxysmal one.
This study aimed to evaluate the role of different types of coping strategies as a mediator in social support and depressive symptoms among patients after cardiac transplantation.

123 participants after heart transplantation took part in the study. All the participants completed self-report questionnaires using the following instruments Beck Depression Inventory Short Form (BDI SF), Berlin Social Support Scales (BSSS) and Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (the brief COPE).

Actually received social support and perceived available social support (both emotional and instrumental) proved to have a significant direct impact on the occurrence of depression. Coping strategies mediated the correlation between the actually received social support, the perceived available emotional social support and depressive symptoms. The individuals with low perceived available support and the actually received social support (both emotional and instrumental), as well as those resorting to the coping strategies of avoidance and denial, proved to be prone to experiencing depressive symptoms. A significant mediating effect on depressive symptoms was identified between active coping, planning, positive reframing, self-blame, and the actually received support.

All social support types were found to be directly correlated with symptoms of depression. Coping strategies proved to mediate the correlation between the perceived social support and depression.
All social support types were found to be directly correlated with symptoms of depression. Coping strategies proved to mediate the correlation between the perceived social support and depression.Dementia syndromes constitute problem not only for the elderly. Early-onset dementia (EOD) starts below the age of 65 years. It accounts for 4-10% of all cases of dementia. EOD has significant psychosocial consequences because it affects people in their most productive years of life, with numerous family, professional and social responsibilities. There are many diseases that have been identified as the cause of the EOD. Among them, the most common are Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, fronto-temporal dementia, Lewy body dementia, traumatic brain injury, alcohol related dementia, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, mixed dementia, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Down's syndrome. Most studies have demonstrated Alzheimer's disease as the most common etiology of EOD. The article presents the case of a 33-year-old patient hospitalized in the Department of Neurology in Zabrze, with cognitive dysfunction, speech disordersand featuresof Parkinson's extrapyramidal syndrome that have been progressing for about 15 months. The MR of the head revealed cortical and subcortical atrophy, especially in parietal and temporal lobes. The cerebrospinal fluid examination showed decreased level of β-amyloid and significantly elevated level of H-tau. The patient was diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimer's disease, which was confirmed by genetic testing - the sequence change was identified in the gene for presenilin 1 in a heterozygous system.The functioning of the thyroid gland is of great importance for the formation, maturation and activity of the central nervous system. The association of clinical thyroid dysfunction with mental disorders, including cognitive impairment, seems to be well documented. Abnormal concentrations of thyroid hormones can lead to deterioration of cognitive processes through changes in neurotransmission, intensification of oxidative stress, or impact on β-amyloid transformation and glucose metabolism in the central nervous system. Doubts concern mainly subclinical forms of thyroid dysfunction. According to some data, they are supposed to be related to the state of cognitive functions and to be one of the factors accelerating the mechanisms leading to degeneration of the brain tissue and, consequently, development of dementia. The results of studies on the correlation of thyroid activity with cognitive functions and the possible beneficial effects of hormonal supplementation on cognitive processes, however, bring contradictory results, which may be at least partly due to large methodological problems. One should also not exclude a reverse correlation, where the ongoing neurodegenerative process would affect thyroid function, e.g., by the changed production and secretion of thyroliberin. Despite several decades of intensive research, the explanation of this relationship is still far from conclusive.
The theoretical affinity between need for closure (NFC) construct and psychotic symptomatology, especially delusionality, has been tested in various studies and brought diverse results. This study tested this relationship on a large sample from the general population using an online survey.

"Preference for Predictability","Discomfort with Ambiguity" and "Decisiveness" from an abridged NFC scale (NFCS) were used to check for associations with the symptoms of delusion-like ideations and hallucination-like experiences measured with an abridged version of Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ-16). Analyses included both linear and cluster models. Additionally, we examined the associations between jumping to conclusions (JTC) task, full abridged NFCS and psychotic-like symptoms (PLEs) in asmaller sample of individuals who had the highest scores in the online PLEs assessment.

Our study confirmed that NFC is not a homogenous construct. It showed weak associations with psychotic-like symptoms and virtually no associations with JTC results. "Decisiveness" exhibited negative associations with the severity of PLEs.

The NFCS should not be used as auniform measure and the clinical utility of high NFCS results as an indicatorof vulnerability to psychopathology seems questionable. However, being indecisive might be a general sign of struggling with some sort of mental problems.
The NFCS should not be used as auniform measure and the clinical utility of high NFCS results as an indicatorof vulnerability to psychopathology seems questionable. However, being indecisive might be a general sign of struggling with some sort of mental problems.
The aim of the study was to assess efficacy of psychoeducation in limiting body mass gain in patients with schizophrenia undergoing atypical antipsychotics monotherapy treatment.

Education program Caring for Health and Silhouette, commissioned by Moneo Pharma Group, was implemented for patients with schizophrenia. The aim of the program was providing patients with information regarding lifestyle and nutrition.

The one-year follow-up was completed by 7,541 patients. The mean BMI (body mass index) gain in one-year follow-up was 0.56 and the difference between men (0.52) and women (0.60) was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The mean one-year body mass gain was 1.63 kg, whilst the mean one-year increase in waist circumference was 1.25 cm. There were no statistically significant differences between sexes. The subjective evaluation of patient compliance increased systematically with every visit, both for men and women. High-compliance patients less frequently experienced body mass gain (p < 0.001), while obese patients experienced the greatest decrease in BMI.

Education program resulted in a decrease of body mass gain in obese patients treated with atypical antipsychotics. Patients with BMI ≥30 more often than other patients experienced the reduction of body mass during education program. The quality of cooperation during the first and second visit has a predictive value for the estimation of body mass changes during education program. This method of education is easy to implement in clinical practice.
Education program resulted in a decrease of body mass gain in obese patients treated with atypical antipsychotics. Patients with BMI ≥30 more often than other patients experienced the reduction of body mass during education program. The quality of cooperation during the first and second visit has a predictive value for the estimation of body mass changes during education program. This method of education is easy to implement in clinical practice.In 2021, one-hundred and ten years passed since a Swiss psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler, introduced a term ‛schizophrenia',denoting one of the most severe and stigmatizing psychiatric illnesses. learn more Presently, it is known that the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia is multifactorial, and a neurodevelopmental theory has been the most important pathogenic concept for more than 30 years. The theory postulates an interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental factors. In recent years, mainly thanks to employing the genome-wide association studies (GWASs), many molecular-genetic processes increasing a predisposition to schizophrenia have been identified. In the article, the role of pregnancy and perinatal period for risk of developing schizophrenia was considered. In patients with schizophrenia, as early as in childhood and adolescence, the disturbances of brain development occur, reflected, among others, by an impairment of cognitive functions. Childhood trauma makes a risk factor for developing schizophrenia and a less favorable course of the illness. The arising of the first psychotic episode is boosted by socio-environmental factors (e.g., migration, urbanicity) and psychoactive substance use, both increasing dopaminergic activity of the brain. In the paper, contemporary knowledge on the pathogenesis of psychotic and deficit symptoms and disturbances of cognitive functions was presented. This was done concerning the neurotransmitters' changes and genetic and neuroimaging studies, with emerging therapeutic implications. At the end of the article, acurrent position of schizophrenia in the context of dichotomic division of mental disturbances put forward by Emil Kraepelin in 1899 was discussed.
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