Notes

Plastic Degrading Strains: Microtetraspora and Dactylosporangium.
INTRODUCTION Insects use their antennae to detect food, mates, and predators, mainly via olfactory recognition of specific volatile compounds. Honeybees also communicate, learn complex tasks, and show adaptable behavior by recognizing and responding to specific odors. However, the relationship between the electroantennogram and the passion of honeybee has not been determined. METHODS We established a four-channel maze system to detect the degree of sensitivity of the honeybee's antenna to different odors. selleck In addition, electroantennography (EAG) signal was recorded from the right antennae of the honeybees in our experiments to explore electrophysiological responses to different volatiles. RESULTS The olfactory sensilla on the antennae of honeybees engender distinct electrophysiological responses to different volatiles. The bees were exposed to honey, 1-hexanol and formic acid, and EAG parameters like depolarization time, falling slope, and amplitude were measured. The EAG indicators varied significantly between honey and formic acid, indicating either "happy" or "anxious" moods. CONCLUSIONS Honeybee can express its passion by the characteristic changes of EAG parameters. We defined a preference factor (F) to quantify the preference of bees to varying concentrations of different compounds, where greater positive values indicate an increased passion. Our findings provide novel insights into the understanding of odor recognition in insects. © 2020 The Authors. Brain and Behavior published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.INTRODUCTION Inefficient problem solving in the social domain may be one of the difficulties underlying the interpersonal challenges thought to maintain anorexia nervosa (AN). However, past studies have neglected to control for depression, anxiety, and intolerance of uncertainty (IU), which are known to contribute to social problem solving. METHODS This study aimed to investigate whether adults with AN would show differences in social problem solving on an experimental task (Means-End Problem Solving; MEPS) and report differences in their attitudes (positive, negative) toward social problem solving and their use of social problem-solving styles (rational, impulsive-careless, avoidant) on the Social Problem-Solving Inventory Revised (SPSRI) compared to a non-AN control group. RESULTS Seventy-four adult women took part (30 with AN and 44 non-AN controls), and data show that those with AN generated significantly less effective solutions on the MEPS (d = 1.96) reported overall poorer social problem solving on the SPSRI (d = 0.58), reporting more negative and less positive attitudes toward social problem solving, and less impulsive and more avoidant social problem-solving styles. However, those with AN did not differ from controls in being able to rationalize social problems. Once depression (Beck Depression Inventory BDI), state anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory STAI), and IU (Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-12; IUS-12) were included as covariates, these differences were no longer significant, suggesting that comorbid depression, anxiety, and IU symptoms may contribute to social problem solving in AN. CONCLUSIONS There was no specific effect of depression. Treating anxiety and IU might help to improve social problem solving and enable people with AN to be able to better access social support to aid their recovery. © 2020 The Authors. Brain and Behavior published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.BACKGROUND Written information supplements nurse-led education about treatment options. It is unclear if this information enhances patients' reasoning about conservative management (CM) and renal replacement therapy decisions. AIM This study describes a critical review of resources U.K. renal staff use when providing CM options to people with Established Kidney Disease (EKD) during usual pre-dialysis education. DESIGN A survey using mixed methods identified and critically analysed leaflets about CM. PARTICIPANTS & MEASUREMENTS All 72 renal units in the United Kingdom received an 11-item questionnaire to elicit how CM education is delivered, satisfaction and/or needs with patient resources and staff training. Copies of leaflets were requested. A coding frame was utilised to produce a quality score for each leaflet. RESULTS Fifty-four (75%) units participated. Patients discuss CM with a nephrologist (98%) or nurse (100%). Eighteen leaflets were reviewed, mean scores were 8.44 out of 12 (range 5-12, SD = 2.49) for information presentation; 3.50 out of 6 (range 0-6, SD = 1.58) for inclusion of information known to support shared decision-making and 2.28 out of 6 (range 1-4, SD = 0.96) for presenting non-biased information. CONCLUSIONS Nurses preferred communicating via face-to-face contact with patients and/or families because of the emotional consequences and complexity of planning treatment for the next stage of a person's worsening kidney disease. Conversations were supplemented with written information; 66% of which were produced locally. Staff perceived a need for using leaflets, and spend time and resources developing them to support their services. However, no leaflets included the components needed to help people reason about conservative care and renal replacement therapy options during EKD education consultations. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Renal Care published by John Wiley & Sons Ltdon behalf of European Dialysis & Transplant Nurses Association/European Renal Care Association.In clinical trials in populations with mild cognitive impairment, it is common for participants to initiate concurrent symptomatic medications for Alzheimer's disease after randomization to the experimental therapy. One strategy for addressing this occurrence is to exclude any observations that occur after the concurrent medication is initiated. The rationale for this approach is that these observations might reflect a symptomatic benefit of the concurrent medication that would adversely bias efficacy estimates for an effective experimental therapy. We interrogate the assumptions underlying such an approach by estimating the effect of newly prescribed concurrent medications in an observational study, the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. © 2020 the Alzheimer's Association.
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