Notes

Incidence as well as eating habits study cancers in 16- to be able to 17-year-old adolescents.
5μm±18.7μm in the experimental group. 4EGI-1 There was significantly less micromotion in the experimental group (p=0.029).

This study suggests that early fixation stability of revision TKA with the novel 3D printed titanium augment is better then the conventional fully cemented rTKA. The early press-fit fixation of the augment is likely sufficient for promoting bony ingrowth of the augment in vivo. Further studies are needed to investigate the long-term in-vivo fixation of the novel 3D printed augment.
This study suggests that early fixation stability of revision TKA with the novel 3D printed titanium augment is better then the conventional fully cemented rTKA. The early press-fit fixation of the augment is likely sufficient for promoting bony ingrowth of the augment in vivo. Further studies are needed to investigate the long-term in-vivo fixation of the novel 3D printed augment.There is an emerging interest in natural silkworm silks as alternative reinforcement for engineering composites. Here, we summarize the research on two common silkworm silks and silk fibre reinforced plastics (SFRPs) from the authors over the past few years in the context of related research. Silk fibres from silkworms display good strength and toughness under ambient and cryogenic conditions owing to their elastic-plastic deformation mechanism. In particular, the wild Antheraea pernyi (A. pernyi) silk also displays micro- and nano-fibrillation as an important mechanism for toughness and impact resistance. For SFRP composites, we found (i) it is critical to achieve silk fibre volume fraction to above 50% for an optimal reinforcement and toughening effect; (ii) the tougher A. pernyi silks present a better reinforcement and toughening agent than B. mori silks; (iii) impact and toughness properties are advantageous properties of SFRPs; (iv) hybridization of natural silk with other fibres can further improve the mechanical performance and economics of SFRPs for engineering applications; and (v) the lightweight structure designs can improve the service efficiency of SFRPs for energy absorption. The understanding on the comprehensive mechanical properties and the toughening mechanisms of silks and silk fibre-reinforced polymer composites (SFRPs) could provide key insights into material design and applications.Vascular grafts have long been used to replace damaged or diseased vessels with considerable success, but a new approach is emerging where native vessels are merely supported, not replaced. Although external supports have been evaluated in diverse situations - ranging from aneurysmal disease to vein grafts or the Ross operation - optimal supports and procedures remain wanting. In this paper, we present a novel application of a growth and remodeling model well suited for parametrically exploring multiple designs of external supports while accounting for mechanobiological and immunobiological responses of the supported native vessel. These results suggest that a load bearing external support can reduce vessel thickening in response to pressure elevation. Results also suggest that the final adaptive state of the vessel depends on the structural stiffness of the support via a mechano-driven adaptation, although luminal encroachment may be a complication in the presence of chronic inflammation. Finally, the supported vessel can stiffen (structurally and materially) along circumferential and axial directions, which could have implications on overall hemodynamics and thus subsequent vascular remodeling. The proposed framework can provide valuable insights into vascular adaptation in the presence of external support, accelerate rational design, and aid translation of this emerging approach.During billions of years of evolution, creatures in nature have possessed nearly perfect structures and functions for survival. Multiscale structures in biological materials over several length scales play a pivotal role in achieving structural and functional integrity. Fiber, as a common principal structural element in nature, can be easily constructed in different ways, thus resulting in various natural structures. In this review, we summarized the decades of investigations on a typical biological structure constructed by fiber aragonites in mollusk shells. Crossed-lamellar structure, as one of the most widespread structures in mollusk shells, reconciles the strength-toughness trade-off dilemma successfully due to the presence of highly-hierarchical architectures. This distinctive structure includes several orders of sub-lamellae, and the different order lamellae present a cross-ply feature in one macro crossed-lamellar layer. When a mollusk shell has more than one macro-layer, the crossed-lamellar structure exhibits various forms of architectures including 0°/90°, 0°/90°/0° typical-sandwich, 15°/75°/0° quasi-sandwich, and 0°/90°/0°/90° arranged modes. The fracture resistance and the relevant toughening mechanisms are directly related to the highly-hierarchical crossed-lamellar structures on different length scales. This article is aimed to review the different arranged modes of crossed-lamellar structures existing in nature, with special attention to their impact on the mechanical behavior and salient toughening mechanisms over several length scales, for seeking the design guidelines for the fabrication of bio-inspired advanced engineering materials that are adaptive to different loading conditions.Baleen is a resilient and keratinised filter-feeding structure attached to the maxilla of mysticete whales. It is strong and tough, yet a pliant and resilient material, that withstands extreme pressures in the oral cavity during feeding. We investigated the structure, water content, wettability and mechanical properties of baleen of the Southern right (SRW) and Pygmy right whales (PRW), to understand the effects of hydration on the physical and mechanical properties of baleen. Sixty 25 × 15mm baleen subsamples were prepared from one individual of SRW and PRW. Half were hydrated in circulated natural seawater for 21 days and half were dry. Water content analysis showed that SRW baleen was 21.2% water weight and PRW was 26.1%. Wettability testing indicated that surfaces of both hydrated and dried SRW and PRW baleen were hydrophilic, with hydrated samples of both species having lower contact angle values. For the SRW, the average contact angle of hydrated baleen was 40° ± 13.2 and 73° ± 6 for dried samples. Hydrated PRW baleen had an average contact angle of 44° ± 15.
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