Notes

Glacial carbon period adjustments by simply The southern area of Ocean techniques with sedimentary amplification.
the controls by pouring PDB only. Pots were maintained in a greenhouse (26 to 33°C). check details Three days after inoculation, all inoculated plants exhibited symptom of root and stem rot. The same fungus was reisolated and confirmed by sequencing rDNA-ITS. This is the first report of root and stem rot of wishbone flower caused by binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-L in Taiwan and in the world. Although this is the second cases, since Wang and Hsieh (1993), for binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-L to be pathogenic, this study shows that this fungus has the potential to cause damages and is worth of further investigations.Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are phytoanticipins found in solanaceous crops that act as the first line of chemical defense against pathogen attacks. Solanum sisymbriifolium, a trap crop for potato cyst nematodes, has been shown to effectively reduce populations of Globodera pallida. Solanum sisymbriifolium contains α- solamargine and other solasodine type glycoalkaloids that may contribute to plant defenses. The current study evaluated the influence of solanaceous SGAs on G. pallida hatch, development, and reproduction. Exposure to α- solamargine and α- solamarine reduced G. pallida hatch by 65 % and 87 % respectively. Exposure of G. pallida cysts with the glycoalkaloids α- solamargine and solasodine significantly reduced infection in susceptible potato Russet Burbank by 98 and 94 % compared to the control. Exposure of cysts to either solasodine or solamargine significantly reduced reproduction of G. pallida on Russet Burbank by 99 % compared to the control. The study demonstrated the deleterious effect of SGAs on G. pallida hatch, infection, and reproduction.During August and September 2020, symptoms of leaf chlorosis, stunting, and wilting were observed on indoor hemp plants (Cannabis sativa L. cv. 'Wedding Cake') in a commercial indoor facility located in Coolidge, Arizona. Plants were grown in soilless coconut coir growing medium (Worm Factory COIR250G10), watered with 1.5 to 2.1 liters every 24 h through drip irrigation, and supplemented with 18 h of lighting. About 35% of plants displayed symptoms as described above and many symptomatic plants collapsed. To identify the causal agent, crown and root tissues from four symptomatic plants were harvested and rinsed with tap water. Tissue fragments (approx. 2 to 4 mm in size) were excised from the margins of the stem and root lesions, surface sterilized in 0.6% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min, rinsed well in sterile distilled water, blotted dry, and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and on oomycete-selective clarified V8 media containing pimaricin, ampicillin, rifampicin, and pentachloronitrobenzene (PARP). Plate crown rot of indoor hemp in Arizona. A more careful water management in soilless growth medium to reduce periods of saturation would minimize the risk of Pythium root rot in indoor hemp production.The hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is a dioecious perennial climbing plant grown commercially worldwide. Wild hops are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, Europe, Asia, and North America (Neve, 1991). In the Southern Hemisphere, some of the leading hop-producing countries include South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Brazil began hop production less than 5 years ago. In January 2019, amphigenous white powdery circular fungal colonies were observed on the leaves and stems of hop plants (cultivar Chinook) within a 900m2 hop garden in Lages municipality, Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil. The incidence of the disease was present on almost 100 per cent of "Chinook" cultivar plants and diseased foliage was collected to identify the pathogen and used to inoculate healthy plants. Hop powdery mildew lesions with hyaline and septate mycelium with chains of unicellular conidia (n =100) hyaline, barrel-shaped, mean of length/width ± standard deviation 25-27 × 13-18 µm ± 0.980, with fibrosin bodies, f P. macularis in Brazil, as well as in South America. References Braun, U. (1987) A Monograph of the Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews). J. Cramer, Berlin, German Democratic Republic. p 113. Mahaffee, W. F., Pethybridge, S.J., Gent, D.H (2009) Compendium of hop diseases and pests. The American Phytopathological Society Press, Saint Paul, Minnesota. Neve R. A (1991). Hops. Chapman and Hall London. Royle, D. J (1978). Powdery mildew of the hop. Pages 381-409 in The Powdery Mildews. D. M. Spencer, ed. Academic Press, New York. White, T. J., Bruns, T., Lee, S., and Taylor, J. (1990). Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. pp. 315-322 in PCR Protocols A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. Innis, D. Gelfand, J. Sninsky, and T. White, eds. Academic Press, San Diego.Polygonatum sibiricum Delar. ex Redoute is a plant species used for medicine and food. On one hand, its rhizomes have potential medicinal values such as enhancing immunity, anti-aging, anti-tumor and antibacterial as well as the effects of improving memory and reducing blood lipid and sugar. On the other hand, the rhizomes can also be used as raw materials for drinks, preserves, and health products (Su et al. 2018). The annual demand of P. sibiricum is about 3500-4000 tons in China, and the market demands and the price continue to rise in recent years (Su et al. 2018). In August 2019, there was an outbreak of southern blight in the P. sibiricum planting fields (N30°04'06″, E115°39'47″) of Luotian County in Hubei province of China. Approximately 30% of plants were affected in many fields (333.33 ha). We observed that the surface of the infected rhizome and the surrounding soils were covered with white hyphae and sclerotia. The hyphae gradually extended downward to the rhizomes, causing rhizome rot and leaf yelng southern blight on P. sibiricum in China. S. delphinii has a wide host range worldwide and often causes crop yield reduction. This study will be helpful for the prevention and control of P. sibiricum southern blight in the future.Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thunb.) Oerst. is one of the most widely distributed species of evergreen broad-leaved tree in subtropical areas of China. It is also grown in Korea, Japan, and India. Because of its beautiful shape, C. glauca is commonly used for greening gardens and walkways. In July 2018, leaf spots on C. glauca were observed in Zhejiang province (Lishui, N 28°26' 6.75";E 119°54'11.22), China. About 70% of the trees were found to be diseased, with approximately 50% of leaves showing symptoms. The symptoms on C. glauca leaves initially appeared as small brown-yellow spots which gradually expanded, developing a light brown central and dark brown to black margin. The spots ranged from 4 to 15 mm in diameter. Ten symptomatic fragments measuring approximately 5×5 mm from each leaf were surface disinfested with 70% ethanol for 30 s, and then they were rinsed in sterile distilled water and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium at 25 °C in the dark for five days. Segments of colony perimeters were then transferred to new plates.
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